Phytophthora sojae encodes hundreds of putative host cytoplasmic effectors with conserved FLAK motifs following signal peptides, termed crinkling- and necrosis-inducing proteins (CRN) or Crinkler. Their functions and mechanisms in pathogenesis are mostly unknown [1]. This N-terminal domain contains a ubiquitin-like fold.

1: Two host cytoplasmic effectors are required for pathogenesis of Phytophthora sojae by suppression of host defenses. Liu T, Ye W, Ru Y, Yang X, Gu B, Tao K, Lu S, Dong S, Zheng X, Shan W, Wang Y, Dou D; Plant Physiol. 2011;155:490-501. PMID:21071601

2: RiCRN1, a Crinkler Effector From the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, Functions in Arbuscule Development. Voss S, Betz R, Heidt S, Corradi N, Requena N; Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2068. PMID:30233541