RPS-BLAST 2.2.26 [Sep-21-2011]
Database: CDD.v3.10
44,354 sequences; 10,937,602 total letters
Searching..................................................done
Query= psy12414
(71 letters)
>gnl|CDD|198190 cd09937, SH2_csk_like, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase (Csk). Both the
C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and CSK-homologous kinase
(CHK) are members of the CSK-family of protein tyrosine
kinases. These proteins suppress activity of Src-family
kinases (SFK) by selectively phosphorylating the
conserved C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine by a
similar mechanism. CHK is also capable of inhibiting
SFKs by a non-catalytic mechanism that involves binding
of CHK to SFKs to form stable protein complexes. The
unphosphorylated form of SFKs is inhibited by CSK and
CHK by a two-step mechanism. The first step involves
the formation of a complex of SFKs with CSK/CHK with
the SFKs in the complex are inactive. The second step,
involves the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail
tyrosine of SFKs, which then dissociates and adopt an
inactive conformation. The structural basis of how the
phosphorylated SFKs dissociate from CSK/CHK to adopt
the inactive conformation is not known. The inactive
conformation of SFKs is stabilized by two
intramolecular inhibitory interactions: (a) the pYT:SH2
interaction in which the phosphorylated C-terminal tail
tyrosine (YT) binds to the SH2 domain, and (b) the
linker:SH3 interaction of which the SH2-kinase domain
linker binds to the SH3 domain. SFKs are activated by
multiple mechanisms including binding of the ligands to
the SH2 and SH3 domains to displace the two inhibitory
intramolecular interactions, autophosphorylation, and
dephosphorylation of YT. By selective phosphorylation
and the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism CSK and CHK
are able to inhibit the active forms of SFKs. CSK and
CHK are regulated by phosphorylation and inter-domain
interactions. They both contain SH3, SH2, and kinase
domains separated by the SH3-SH2 connector and SH2
kinase linker, intervening segments separating the
three domains. They lack a conserved tyrosine
phosphorylation site in the kinase domain and the
C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation
site. The CSK SH2 domain is crucial for stabilizing the
kinase domain in the active conformation. A disulfide
bond here regulates CSK kinase activity. The
subcellular localization and activity of CSK are
regulated by its SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 98
Score = 131 bits (332), Expect = 4e-42
Identities = 53/72 (73%), Positives = 59/72 (81%), Gaps = 1/72 (1%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTID 59
WFHGKISRE AE LL P EDGLFLVRESTN+P D+ +CV FE KVEHYRV Y+ LTID
Sbjct: 5 WFHGKISREEAERLLQPPEDGLFLVRESTNYPGDYTLCVSFEGKVEHYRVIYRNGKLTID 64
Query: 60 DEEFFENLAQLV 71
+EE+FENL QLV
Sbjct: 65 EEEYFENLIQLV 76
>gnl|CDD|214585 smart00252, SH2, Src homology 2 domains. Src homology 2 domains
bind phosphotyrosine-containing polypeptides via 2
surface pockets. Specificity is provided via
interaction with residues that are distinct from the
phosphotyrosine. Only a single occurrence of a SH2
domain has been found in S. cerevisiae.
Length = 84
Score = 80.0 bits (198), Expect = 8e-22
Identities = 31/73 (42%), Positives = 45/73 (61%), Gaps = 2/73 (2%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAH-LTI 58
W+HG ISRE AE LL + DG FLVR+S + P D+ + V + KV+HYR++ E +
Sbjct: 3 WYHGFISREEAEKLLKNEGDGDFLVRDSESSPGDYVLSVRVKGKVKHYRIRRNEDGKFYL 62
Query: 59 DDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ F +L +LV
Sbjct: 63 EGGRKFPSLVELV 75
>gnl|CDD|215658 pfam00017, SH2, SH2 domain.
Length = 77
Score = 75.7 bits (187), Expect = 3e-20
Identities = 34/74 (45%), Positives = 46/74 (62%), Gaps = 3/74 (4%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL-APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAH-LT 57
W+HGKISRE AE LL PK DG FLVRES + P D+ + V + +V+HYR++ +
Sbjct: 1 WYHGKISREEAERLLLNPKPDGTFLVRESESKPGDYTLSVRDDGRVKHYRIQSLDNGGYY 60
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I F +L +LV
Sbjct: 61 ISGGVTFNSLPELV 74
>gnl|CDD|198210 cd10347, SH2_Nterm_shark_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2)
domain found in SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain
(shark) proteins. These non-receptor protein-tyrosine
kinases contain two SH2 domains, five ankyrin
(ANK)-like repeats, and a potential tyrosine
phosphorylation site in the carboxyl-terminal tail
which resembles the phosphorylation site in members of
the src family. Like, mammalian non-receptor
protein-tyrosine kinases, ZAP-70 and syk proteins, they
do not have SH3 domains. However, the presence of ANK
makes these unique among protein-tyrosine kinases. Both
tyrosine kinases and ANK repeats have been shown to
transduce developmental signals, and SH2 domains are
known to participate intimately in tyrosine kinase
signaling. These tyrosine kinases are believed to be
involved in epithelial cell polarity. The members of
this family include the shark (SH2 domains, ANK, and
kinase domain) gene in Drosophila and yellow fever
mosquitos, as well as the hydra protein HTK16.
Drosophila Shark is proposed to transduce
intracellularly the Crumbs, a protein necessary for
proper organization of ectodermal epithelia,
intercellular signal. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 81
Score = 68.6 bits (168), Expect = 2e-17
Identities = 32/76 (42%), Positives = 48/76 (63%), Gaps = 5/76 (6%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK--EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKY--KEAH 55
W+HGKISRE AE+LL + DGLFLVREST+ P D+ + + + +V HY+++ ++A
Sbjct: 3 WYHGKISREVAEALLLREGGRDGLFLVRESTSAPGDYVLSLLAQGEVLHYQIRRHGEDAF 62
Query: 56 LTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ D F L L+
Sbjct: 63 FSDDGPLIFHGLDTLI 78
>gnl|CDD|198173 cd00173, SH2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. In general, SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind
pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a
wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins
(Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1),
kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1,
Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling
molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl),
cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators
(SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma),
amongst others.
Length = 79
Score = 67.9 bits (166), Expect = 3e-17
Identities = 33/75 (44%), Positives = 44/75 (58%), Gaps = 4/75 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFM--CVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA--HL 56
WFHG ISRE AE LL K DG FLVRES++ P D++ + KV+HY ++ E +L
Sbjct: 2 WFHGSISREEAERLLRGKPDGTFLVRESSSEPGDYVLSVRSGDGKVKHYLIERNEGGYYL 61
Query: 57 TIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
F +L +LV
Sbjct: 62 LGGSGRTFPSLPELV 76
>gnl|CDD|198189 cd09935, SH2_ABL, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Abelson
murine lymphosarcoma virus (ABL) proteins. ABL-family
proteins are highly conserved tyrosine kinases. Each
ABL protein contains an SH3-SH2-TK (Src homology 3-Src
homology 2-tyrosine kinase) domain cassette, which
confers autoregulated kinase activity and is common
among nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Several types of
posttranslational modifications control ABL catalytic
activity, subcellular localization, and stability, with
consequences for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ABL
functions. Binding partners provide additional
regulation of ABL catalytic activity, substrate
specificity, and downstream signaling. By combining
this cassette with actin-binding and -bundling domain,
ABL proteins are capable of connecting
phosphoregulation with actin-filament reorganization.
Vertebrate paralogs, ABL1 and ABL2, have evolved to
perform specialized functions. ABL1 includes nuclear
localization signals and a DNA binding domain which is
used to mediate DNA damage-repair functions, while ABL2
has additional binding capacity for actin and for
microtubules to enhance its cytoskeletal remodeling
functions. SH2 is involved in several autoinhibitory
mechanism that constrain the enzymatic activity of the
ABL-family kinases. In one mechanism SH2 and SH3 cradle
the kinase domain while a cap sequence stabilizes the
inactive conformation resulting in a locked inactive
state. Another involves phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which binds the SH2 domain
through residues normally required for phosphotyrosine
binding in the linker segment between the SH2 and
kinase domains. The SH2 domain contributes to ABL
catalytic activity and target site specificity. It is
thought that the ABL catalytic site and SH2 pocket have
coevolved to recognize the same sequences. Recent work
now supports a hierarchical processivity model in which
the substrate target site most compatible with ABL
kinase domain preferences is phosphorylated with
greatest efficiency. If this site is compatible with
the ABL SH2 domain specificity, it will then reposition
and dock in the SH2 pocket. This mechanism also
explains how ABL kinases phosphorylates poor targets on
the same substrate if they are properly positioned and
how relatively poor substrate proteins might be
recruited to ABL through a complex with strong
substrates that can also dock with the SH2 pocket. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 94
Score = 61.6 bits (150), Expect = 1e-14
Identities = 28/73 (38%), Positives = 43/73 (58%), Gaps = 2/73 (2%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKY-KEAHLTI 58
W+HG ISR AE LL+ +G FLVRES + P + + + ++ +V HYR+ + + +
Sbjct: 5 WYHGPISRNAAEYLLSSGINGSFLVRESESSPGQYSISLRYDGRVYHYRISEDSDGKVYV 64
Query: 59 DDEEFFENLAQLV 71
E F LA+LV
Sbjct: 65 TQEHRFNTLAELV 77
>gnl|CDD|198264 cd10401, SH2_C-SH2_Syk_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2)
domain found in Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) proteins.
ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of hematopoietic cell
specific protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that are
required for antigen and antibody receptor function.
ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural killer (NK) cells
and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast cells,
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, macrophages,
and immature T cells. They are required for the proper
development of T and B cells, immune receptors, and
activating NK cells. They consist of two N-terminal Src
homology 2 (SH2) domains and a C-terminal kinase domain
separated from the SH2 domains by a linker or hinge
region. Phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues
within the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation
Motifs (ITAM; consensus sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI])
by the Src-family PTKs is required for efficient
interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk with the receptor
subunits and for receptor function. ZAP-70 forms two
phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one of which is shared
by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two SH2 domains do not
form such a phosphotyrosine-binding site. The SH2
domains here are believed to function independently. In
addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk display
flexibility in their relative orientation, allowing Syk
to accommodate a greater variety of spacing sequences
between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and singly
phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This model
contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of Syk. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 99
Score = 59.5 bits (144), Expect = 1e-13
Identities = 34/74 (45%), Positives = 45/74 (60%), Gaps = 3/74 (4%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL--APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEHYRV-KYKEAHLT 57
WFHGKISRE +E +L K +G FL+RE N +C+ + KV HYR+ K K L+
Sbjct: 5 WFHGKISREESEQILLIGSKTNGKFLIRERDNNGSYALCLLHDGKVLHYRIDKDKTGKLS 64
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I D + F+ L QLV
Sbjct: 65 IPDGKKFDTLWQLV 78
>gnl|CDD|199828 cd09941, SH2_Grb2_like, Src homology 2 domain found in Growth
factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and similar
proteins. The adaptor proteins here include homologs
Grb2 in humans, Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 (Sem-5)
in Caenorhabditis elegans, and Downstream of receptor
kinase (drk) in Drosophila melanogaster. They are
composed of one SH2 and two SH3 domains. Grb2/Sem-5/drk
regulates the Ras pathway by linking the tyrosine
kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein
Sos, which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state.
The SH2 domain of Grb2/Sem-5/drk binds class II
phosphotyrosyl peptides while its SH3 domain binds to
Sos and Sos-derived, proline-rich peptides. Besides it
function in Ras signaling, Grb2 is also thought to play
a role in apoptosis. Unlike most SH2 structures in
which the peptide binds in an extended conformation
(such that the +3 peptide residue occupies a
hydrophobic pocket in the protein, conferring a modest
degree of selectivity), Grb2 forms several hydrogen
bonds via main chain atoms with the side chain of +2
Asn. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 95
Score = 56.9 bits (138), Expect = 9e-13
Identities = 30/74 (40%), Positives = 43/74 (58%), Gaps = 4/74 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL-APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFM-CVCFESKVEHYRV-KYKEAHLT 57
WFHGKISR AE +L + DG FL+RES + P DF V F + V+H++V +
Sbjct: 5 WFHGKISRAEAEEILMNQRPDGAFLIRESESSPGDFSLSVKFGNDVQHFKVLRDGAGKYF 64
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ +F +L +LV
Sbjct: 65 LWVVKFN-SLNELV 77
>gnl|CDD|198185 cd09931, SH2_C-SH2_SHP_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2)
domain found in SH2 domain Phosphatases (SHP) proteins.
The SH2 domain phosphatases (SHP-1, SHP-2/Syp,
Drosophila corkscrew (csw), and Caenorhabditis elegans
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (Ptp-2)) are cytoplasmic
signaling enzymes. They are both targeted and regulated
by interactions of their SH2 domains with
phosphotyrosine docking sites. These proteins contain
two SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2) followed by a tyrosine
phosphatase (PTP) domain, and a C-terminal extension.
Shp1 and Shp2 have two tyrosyl phosphorylation sites in
their C-tails, which are phosphorylated differentially
by receptor and nonreceptor PTKs. Csw retains the
proximal tyrosine and Ptp-2 lacks both sites.
Shp-binding proteins include receptors, scaffolding
adapters, and inhibitory receptors. Some of these bind
both Shp1 and Shp2 while others bind only one. Most
proteins that bind a Shp SH2 domain contain one or more
immuno-receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs
(ITIMs): [SIVL]xpYxx[IVL]. Shp1 N-SH2 domain blocks
the catalytic domain and keeps the enzyme in the
inactive conformation, and is thus believed to regulate
the phosphatase activity of SHP-1. Its C-SH2 domain is
thought to be involved in searching for phosphotyrosine
activators. The SHP2 N-SH2 domain is a conformational
switch; it either binds and inhibits the phosphatase,
or it binds phosphoproteins and activates the enzyme.
The C-SH2 domain contributes binding energy and
specificity, but it does not have a direct role in
activation. Csw SH2 domain function is essential, but
either SH2 domain can fulfill this requirement. The
role of the csw SH2 domains during Sevenless receptor
tyrosine kinase (SEV) signaling is to bind Daughter of
Sevenless rather than activated SEV. Ptp-2 acts in
oocytes downstream of sheath/oocyte gap junctions to
promote major sperm protein (MSP)-induced MAP Kinase
(MPK-1) phosphorylation. Ptp-2 functions in the oocyte
cytoplasm, not at the cell surface to inhibit multiple
RasGAPs, resulting in sustained Ras activation. It is
thought that MSP triggers PTP-2/Ras activation and ROS
production to stimulate MPK-1 activity essential for
oocyte maturation and that secreted MSP domains and
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases function antagonistically
to control ROS and MAPK signaling. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 99
Score = 54.2 bits (131), Expect = 2e-11
Identities = 28/74 (37%), Positives = 40/74 (54%), Gaps = 3/74 (4%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFM--CVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLT 57
WFHG +S + AE LL K + G FLVRES + P DF+ + KV H ++ +
Sbjct: 2 WFHGHLSGKEAEKLLLEKGKPGSFLVRESQSKPGDFVLSVRTDDDKVTHIMIRCQGGKYD 61
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ E F++L LV
Sbjct: 62 VGGGEEFDSLTDLV 75
>gnl|CDD|198276 cd10413, SH2_Grb7, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
growth factor receptor bound, subclass 7 (Grb7)
proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains.
Grb7 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also
includes Grb10, and Grb14. They are composed of an
N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like
(RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a
phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a
C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10
and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb7
binds strongly to the erbB2 receptor, unlike Grb10 and
Grb14 which bind weakly to it. Grb7 family proteins are
phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine
residues. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 108
Score = 54.1 bits (130), Expect = 2e-11
Identities = 33/79 (41%), Positives = 48/79 (60%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKE--DGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA--- 54
WFHG+ISRE ++ L+ + DG+FLVRES PQ F + +C KV+HY + E
Sbjct: 7 WFHGRISREESQRLIGQQGLVDGVFLVRESQRNPQGFVLSLCHLQKVKHYLILPSEEEGR 66
Query: 55 -HLTIDD-EEFFENLAQLV 71
+ ++DD + F +L QLV
Sbjct: 67 LYFSMDDGQTRFTDLLQLV 85
>gnl|CDD|198197 cd09944, SH2_Grb7_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 7 (Grb7)
proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains.
There are 3 members of the Grb7 family of proteins:
Grb7, Grb10, and Grb14. They are composed of an
N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like
(RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a
phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a
C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10
and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb7
binds strongly to the erbB2 receptor, unlike Grb10 and
Grb14 which bind weakly to it. Grb14 binds to
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR). Grb10 has
been shown to interact with many different proteins,
including the insulin and IGF1 receptors,
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-beta,
Ret, Kit, Raf1 and MEK1, and Nedd4. Grb7 family
proteins are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well
as tyrosine residues. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 108
Score = 53.6 bits (129), Expect = 3e-11
Identities = 30/79 (37%), Positives = 45/79 (56%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK--EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV----KYKE 53
WFHG ISR+ A L+ + DG+FLVRES + P F + + K++HY++ +
Sbjct: 7 WFHGGISRDEAARLIRQQGLVDGVFLVRESQSNPGAFVLSLKHGQKIKHYQIIPIEDEGQ 66
Query: 54 AHLTIDD-EEFFENLAQLV 71
+ T+DD F +L QLV
Sbjct: 67 WYFTLDDGVTKFYDLLQLV 85
>gnl|CDD|198179 cd09925, SH2_SHC, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2
adaptor protein C (SHC). SHC is involved in a wide
variety of pathways including regulating proliferation,
angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and bone
metabolism. An adapter protein, SHC has been implicated
in Ras activation following the stimulation of a number
of different receptors, including growth factors
[insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth
factor, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)],
cytokines [interleukins 2, 3, and 5], erythropoietin,
and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor,
and antigens [T-cell and B-cell receptors]. SHC has
been shown to bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated
receptors, and receptor stimulation leads to tyrosine
phosphorylation of SHC. Upon phosphorylation, SHC
interacts with another adapter protein, Grb2, which
binds to the Ras GTP/GDP exchange factor mSOS which
leads to Ras activation. SHC is composed of an
N-terminal domain that interacts with proteins
containing phosphorylated tyrosines, a
(glycine/proline)-rich collagen-homology domain that
contains the phosphorylated binding site, and a
C-terminal SH2 domain. SH2 has been shown to interact
with the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors of EGF and
PDGF and with the tyrosine-phosphorylated C chain of
the T-cell receptor, providing one of the mechanisms of
T-cell-mediated Ras activation. In general SH2 domains
are involved in signal transduction. They typically
bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a
pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins
with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 104
Score = 52.7 bits (127), Expect = 6e-11
Identities = 21/35 (60%), Positives = 25/35 (71%), Gaps = 2/35 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF 35
W+HGK+SR AESLL + DG FLVREST P +
Sbjct: 9 WYHGKMSRRDAESLL--QTDGDFLVRESTTTPGQY 41
>gnl|CDD|198215 cd10352, SH2_a2chimerin_b2chimerin, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in alpha2-chimerin and beta2-chimerin proteins.
Chimerins are a family of phorbol ester- and
diacylglycerol-responsive GTPase-activating proteins.
Alpha1-chimerin (formerly known as n-chimerin) and
alpha2-chimerin are alternatively spliced products of a
single gene, as are beta1- and beta2-chimerin. alpha1-
and beta1-chimerin have a relatively short N-terminal
region that does not encode any recognizable domains,
whereas alpha2- and beta2-chimerin both include a
functional SH2 domain that can bind to phosphotyrosine
motifs within receptors. All of the isoforms contain a
GAP domain with specificity in vitro for Rac1 and a
diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domain which allows
them to translocate to membranes in response to DAG
signaling and anchors them in close proximity to
activated Rac. Other C1 domain-containing
diacylglycerol receptors including: PKC, Munc-13
proteins, phorbol ester binding scaffolding proteins
involved in Ca2+-stimulated exocytosis, and RasGRPs,
diacylglycerol-activated guanine-nucleotide exchange
factors (GEFs) for Ras and Rap1. In general SH2 domains
are involved in signal transduction. They typically
bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a
pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins
with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 91
Score = 52.0 bits (125), Expect = 9e-11
Identities = 26/72 (36%), Positives = 42/72 (58%), Gaps = 2/72 (2%)
Query: 2 FHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYK-EAHLTID 59
+HG ISRE AE LL+ DG +L+RES+ + + + F KV++Y++ Y + H
Sbjct: 9 YHGLISREEAEQLLSGASDGSYLIRESSRDDGYYTLSLRFNGKVKNYKLYYDGKNHYHYV 68
Query: 60 DEEFFENLAQLV 71
E+ F+ + LV
Sbjct: 69 GEKRFDTIHDLV 80
>gnl|CDD|199829 cd10341, SH2_N-SH2_PLC_gamma_like, N-terminal Src homology 2
(N-SH2) domain in Phospholipase C gamma. Phospholipase
C gamma is a signaling molecule that is recruited to
the C-terminal tail of the receptor upon
autophosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine.
PLCgamma is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH)
domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, 2
catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank 2 tandem
SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2), and ending with a SH3
domain and C2 domain. N-SH2 SH2 domain-mediated
interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane
signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2 domains
recognize phosphotyrosine (pY) in the context of
particular sequence motifs in receptor phosphorylation
sites. Both N-SH2 and C-SH2 have a very similar binding
affinity to pY. But in growth factor stimulated cells
these domains bind to different target proteins. N-SH2
binds to pY containing sites in the C-terminal tails of
tyrosine kinases and other receptors. Recently it has
been shown that this interaction is mediated by
phosphorylation-independent interactions between a
secondary binding site found exclusively on the N-SH2
domain and a region of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase
domain. This secondary site on the SH2 cooperates with
the canonical pY site to regulate selectivity in
mediating a specific cellular process. C-SH2 binds to
an intramolecular site on PLCgamma itself which allows
it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate. These
then activate protein kinase C and release calcium. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 99
Score = 51.6 bits (124), Expect = 2e-10
Identities = 25/62 (40%), Positives = 35/62 (56%), Gaps = 8/62 (12%)
Query: 1 WFHGKIS--RETAESLLA---PKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCF--ESKVEHYRVKYKE 53
WFHGK+ R+ AE LL DG FLVRES F D+ + F KV+H R++ ++
Sbjct: 6 WFHGKLGDGRDEAEKLLLEYCEGGDGTFLVRESETFVGDY-TLSFWRNGKVQHCRIRSRQ 64
Query: 54 AH 55
+
Sbjct: 65 EN 66
>gnl|CDD|198206 cd10343, SH2_SHIP, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase (SHIP) and
SLAM-associated protein (SAP). The SH2-containing
inositol-5'-phosphatase, SHIP (also called
SHIP1/SHIP1a), is a hematopoietic-restricted
phosphatidylinositide phosphatase that translocates to
the plasma membrane after extracellular stimulation and
hydrolyzes the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
(PI3K)-generated second messenger PI-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3) to
PI-3,4-P2. As a result, SHIP dampens down PIP3 mediated
signaling and represses the proliferation,
differentiation, survival, activation, and migration of
hematopoietic cells. PIP3 recruits lipid-binding
pleckstrin homology(PH) domain-containing proteins to
the inner wall of the plasma membrane and activates
them. PH domain-containing downstream effectors include
the survival/proliferation enhancing serine/threonine
kinase, Akt (protein kinase B), the tyrosine kinase,
Btk, the regulator of protein translation, S6K, and the
Rac and cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Vav.
SHIP is believed to act as a tumor suppressor during
leukemogenesis and lymphomagenesis, and may play a role
in activating the immune system to combat cancer. SHIP
contains an N-terminal SH2 domain, a centrally located
phosphatase domain that specifically hydrolyzes the
5'-phosphate from PIP3, PI-4,5-P2 and
inositol-1,3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate (IP4), a C2 domain,
that is an allosteric activating site when bound by
SHIP's enzymatic product, PI-3,4-P2; 2 NPXY motifs that
bind proteins with a phosphotyrosine binding (Shc, Dok
1, Dok 2) or an SH2 (p85a, SHIP2) domain; and a
proline-rich domain consisting of four PxxP motifs that
bind a subset of SH3-containing proteins including
Grb2, Src, Lyn, Hck, Abl, PLCg1, and PIAS1. The SH2
domain of SHIP binds to the tyrosine phosphorylated
forms of Shc, SHP-2, Doks, Gabs, CD150,
platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, Cas,
c-Cbl, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs
(ITIMs), and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation
motifs (ITAMs). The X-linked lymphoproliferative
syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP (also called
SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a 5 residue
N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short 25 residue
C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an extreme
sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and natural
killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in XLP
patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of Signaling
lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4, Ly-9, and
CD84. SAP is believed to function as a signaling
inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding of other
signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like protein EAT-2
recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX(V/I), which is
found in the cytoplasmic domains of a restricted number
of T, B, and NK cell surface receptors and are proposed
to be natural inhibitors or regulators of the
physiological role of a small family of receptors on
the surface of these cells. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 103
Score = 51.7 bits (124), Expect = 2e-10
Identities = 28/79 (35%), Positives = 44/79 (55%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV-KYKEAHLT 57
W+HG I+R AE LL+ +DG FLVR+S + + +CV +++ V YR+ E L+
Sbjct: 5 WYHGNITRSKAEELLSKAGKDGSFLVRDSESVSGAYALCVLYQNCVHTYRILPNAEDKLS 64
Query: 58 IDDEE-----FFENLAQLV 71
+ E FF L +L+
Sbjct: 65 VQASEGVPVRFFTTLPELI 83
>gnl|CDD|198180 cd09926, SH2_CRK_like, Src homology 2 domain found in
cancer-related signaling adaptor protein CRK. SH2
domain in the CRK proteins. CRKI (SH2-SH3) and CRKII
(SH2-SH3-SH3) are splicing isoforms of the oncoprotein
CRK. CRKs regulate transcription and cytoskeletal
reorganization for cell growth and motility by linking
tyrosine kinases to small G proteins. The SH2 domain of
CRK associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors
or components of focal adhesions, such as p130Cas and
paxillin. CRK transmits signals to small G proteins
through effectors that bind its SH3 domain, such as
C3G, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for
Rap1 and R-Ras, and DOCK180, the GEF for Rac6. The
binding of p130Cas to the CRK-C3G complex activates
Rap1, leading to regulation of cell adhesion, and
activates R-Ras, leading to JNK-mediated activation of
cell proliferation, whereas the binding of CRK DOCK180
induces Rac1-mediated activation of cellular migration.
The activity of the different splicing isoforms varies
greatly with CRKI displaying substantial transforming
activity, CRKII less so, and phosphorylated CRKII with
no biological activity whatsoever. CRKII has a linker
region with a phosphorylated Tyr and an additional
C-terminal SH3 domain. The phosphorylated Tyr creates a
binding site for its SH2 domain which disrupts the
association between CRK and its SH2 target proteins.
In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 106
Score = 51.3 bits (123), Expect = 3e-10
Identities = 20/48 (41%), Positives = 31/48 (64%), Gaps = 1/48 (2%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHY 47
W+ G +SR+ A+ LL + G+FLVR+S+ P D+ + V S+V HY
Sbjct: 9 WYFGPMSRQEAQELLQGQRHGVFLVRDSSTIPGDYVLSVSENSRVSHY 56
>gnl|CDD|198217 cd10354, SH2_Cterm_RasGAP, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (GAP). RasGAP
is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating
proteins. The protein is located in the cytoplasm and
stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21, but
not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor
of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak
intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in
RAS inactivation, thereby allowing control of cellular
proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to
changes in the binding sites of either protein are
associated with basal cell carcinomas. Alternative
splicing results in two isoforms. The shorter isoform
which lacks the N-terminal hydrophobic region, has the
same activity, and is expressed in placental tissues.
In general longer isoform contains 2 SH2 domains, a SH3
domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a
calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain. The
C-terminus contains the catalytic domain of RasGap
which catalyzes the activation of Ras by hydrolyzing
GTP-bound active Ras into an inactive GDP-bound form of
Ras. This model contains the C-terminal SH2 domain. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 77
Score = 49.7 bits (119), Expect = 4e-10
Identities = 23/52 (44%), Positives = 32/52 (61%), Gaps = 4/52 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL-APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCF--ESKVEHYRV 49
WFHGKISRE A ++L G FLVRES N P D+ + F ++H+++
Sbjct: 2 WFHGKISREEAYNMLVKVGGPGSFLVRESDNTPGDYS-LSFRVNEGIKHFKI 52
>gnl|CDD|198186 cd09932, SH2_C-SH2_PLC_gamma_like, C-terminal Src homology 2
(C-SH2) domain in Phospholipase C gamma. Phospholipase
C gamma is a signaling molecule that is recruited to
the C-terminal tail of the receptor upon
autophosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine.
PLCgamma is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH)
domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, 2
catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank 2 tandem
SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2), and ending with a SH3
domain and C2 domain. N-SH2 SH2 domain-mediated
interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane
signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2 domains
recognize phosphotyrosine (pY) in the context of
particular sequence motifs in receptor phosphorylation
sites. Both N-SH2 and C-SH2 have a very similar binding
affinity to pY. But in growth factor stimulated cells
these domains bind to different target proteins. N-SH2
binds to pY containing sites in the C-terminal tails of
tyrosine kinases and other receptors. Recently it has
been shown that this interaction is mediated by
phosphorylation-independent interactions between a
secondary binding site found exclusively on the N-SH2
domain and a region of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase
domain. This secondary site on the SH2 cooperates with
the canonical pY site to regulate selectivity in
mediating a specific cellular process. C-SH2 binds to
an intramolecular site on PLCgamma itself which allows
it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate. These
then activate protein kinase C and release calcium. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 104
Score = 50.3 bits (121), Expect = 5e-10
Identities = 29/74 (39%), Positives = 40/74 (54%), Gaps = 5/74 (6%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL-APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCF--ESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLT 57
WFH ++RE AE +L DG FLVR S P F + F E K++H R+K +
Sbjct: 6 WFHANLTREQAEEMLMRVPRDGAFLVRPSETDPNSFA-ISFRAEGKIKHCRIKQEGRLFV 64
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I + FE+L +LV
Sbjct: 65 IGTSQ-FESLVELV 77
>gnl|CDD|198211 cd10348, SH2_Cterm_shark_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2)
domain found in SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain
(shark) proteins. These non-receptor protein-tyrosine
kinases contain two SH2 domains, five ankyrin
(ANK)-like repeats, and a potential tyrosine
phosphorylation site in its carboxyl-terminal tail
which resembles the phosphorylation site in members of
the src family. Like, mammalian non-receptor
protein-tyrosine kinases, ZAP-70 and syk proteins, they
do not have SH3 domains. However, the presence of ANK
makes these unique among protein-tyrosine kinases. Both
tyrosine kinases and ANK repeats have been shown to
transduce developmental signals, and SH2 domains are
known to participate intimately in tyrosine kinase
signaling. These tyrosine kinases are believed to be
involved in epithelial cell polarity. The members of
this family include the shark (SH2 domains, ANK, and
kinase domain) gene in Drosophila and yellow fever
mosquitos, as well as the hydra protein HTK16.
Drosophila Shark is proposed to transduce
intracellularly the Crumbs, a protein necessary for
proper organization of ectodermal epithelia,
intercellular signal. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 86
Score = 47.8 bits (114), Expect = 3e-09
Identities = 25/75 (33%), Positives = 40/75 (53%), Gaps = 4/75 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKE--DGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA-HL 56
W HG + R A +L K DG FLVR S P + + + +E+ V H+ ++ ++
Sbjct: 2 WLHGALDRNEAVEILKQKADADGSFLVRYSRRRPGGYVLTLVYENHVYHFEIQNRDDKWF 61
Query: 57 TIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
IDD +FE+L L+
Sbjct: 62 YIDDGPYFESLEHLI 76
>gnl|CDD|198191 cd09938, SH2_N-SH2_Zap70_Syk_like, N-terminal Src homology 2
(SH2) domain found in Zeta-chain-associated protein
kinase 70 (ZAP-70) and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)
proteins. ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of
hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases
(PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody
receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural
killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast
cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets,
macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required
for the proper development of T and B cells, immune
receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two
N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a
C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains
by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both
tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor
Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus
sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs
is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk
with the receptor subunits and for receptor function.
ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one
of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two
SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding
site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function
independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk
display flexibility in their relative orientation,
allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of
spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and
singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This
model contains the N-terminus SH2 domains of both Syk
and Zap70. In general SH2 domains are involved in
signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 104
Score = 46.6 bits (111), Expect = 1e-08
Identities = 21/52 (40%), Positives = 29/52 (55%), Gaps = 3/52 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL--APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV 49
+F+G I+RE AE L A DGLFL+R+S + + VC K HY +
Sbjct: 3 FFYGSITREEAEEYLKLAGMSDGLFLLRQSLRSLGGYVLSVCHGRKFHHYTI 54
>gnl|CDD|198277 cd10414, SH2_Grb14, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
growth factor receptor bound, subclass 14 (Grb14)
proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains.
Grb14 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also
includes Grb7, and Grb14. They are composed of an
N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like
(RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a
phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a
C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10
and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb14
binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) and
weakly to the erbB2 receptor. In general SH2 domains
are involved in signal transduction. They typically
bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a
pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins
with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 108
Score = 46.5 bits (110), Expect = 2e-08
Identities = 29/79 (36%), Positives = 46/79 (58%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKE--DGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV----KYKE 53
WFH KISR+ A+ L+ + DG+FLVR+S + P+ F + + K++H+++ E
Sbjct: 7 WFHHKISRDEAQRLIIQQGLVDGVFLVRDSQSNPRTFVLSMSHGQKIKHFQIIPVEDDGE 66
Query: 54 AHLTIDD-EEFFENLAQLV 71
T+DD F +L QLV
Sbjct: 67 LFHTLDDGHTRFTDLIQLV 85
>gnl|CDD|198263 cd10400, SH2_SAP1a, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
SLAM-associated protein (SAP) 1a. The X-linked
lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP
(also called SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a
5 residue N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short
25 residue C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an
extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and
natural killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in
XLP patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4,
Ly-9, and CD84. SAP is believed to function as a
signaling inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding
of other signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like
protein EAT-2 recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX[VI],
which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of a
restricted number of T, B, and NK cell surface
receptors and are proposed to be natural inhibitors or
regulators of the physiological role of a small family
of receptors on the surface of these cells. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 103
Score = 45.2 bits (107), Expect = 6e-08
Identities = 25/55 (45%), Positives = 34/55 (61%), Gaps = 2/55 (3%)
Query: 2 FHGKISRETAESLL-APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA 54
+HGKISRET E LL A DG +L+R+S + P + +CV ++ V YRV E
Sbjct: 6 YHGKISRETGEKLLLAAGLDGSYLLRDSESVPGVYCLCVLYKGYVYTYRVSQTET 60
>gnl|CDD|198198 cd09945, SH2_SHB_SHD_SHE_SHF_like, Src homology 2 domain found in
SH2 domain-containing adapter proteins B, D, E, and F
(SHB, SHD, SHE, SHF). SHB, SHD, SHE, and SHF are SH2
domain-containing proteins that play various roles
throughout the cell. SHB functions in generating
signaling compounds in response to tyrosine kinase
activation. SHB contains proline-rich motifs, a
phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, tyrosine
phosphorylation sites, and a SH2 domain. SHB mediates
certain aspects of platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) receptor-, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
receptor-, neural growth factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T
cell receptor-, interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and
focal adhesion kinase- (FAK) signaling. SRC-like
FYN-Related Kinase FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK)
and SHB regulate apoptosis, proliferation and
differentiation. SHB promotes apoptosis and is also
required for proper mitogenicity, spreading and tubular
morphogenesis in endothelial cells. SHB also plays a
role in preventing early cavitation of embryoid bodies
and reduces differentiation to cells expressing
albumin, amylase, insulin and glucagon. SHB is a
multifunctional protein that has difference responses
in different cells under various conditions. SHE is
expressed in heart, lung, brain, and skeletal muscle,
while expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHF
is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, liver,
prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and colon.
SHD may be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may
function as an adapter protein in the central nervous
system. It is also thought to be involved in apoptotic
regulation. SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate
sequence preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition
to a poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2
domain. SHE contains two pTry protein binding domains,
protein interaction domain (PID) and a SH2 domain,
followed by a glycine-proline rich region, all of which
are N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB)
domain. SHF contains four putative tyrosine
phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 98
Score = 44.7 bits (106), Expect = 7e-08
Identities = 18/35 (51%), Positives = 25/35 (71%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF 35
W+HG I+R AESLL P ++G +LVR S + QD+
Sbjct: 3 WYHGAITRIEAESLLRPCKEGSYLVRNSESTKQDY 37
>gnl|CDD|198200 cd10337, SH2_BCAR3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in the Breast
Cancer Anti-estrogen Resistance protein 3. BCAR3 is
part of a growing family of guanine nucleotide exchange
factors is responsible for activation of Ras-family
GTPases, including Sos1 and 2, GRF1 and 2,
CalDAG-GEF/GRP1-4, C3G, cAMP-GEF/Epac 1 and 2,
PDZ-GEFs, MR-GEF, RalGDS family members, RalGPS,
RasGEF, Smg GDS, and phospholipase C(epsilon). 12102558
21262352 BCAR3 binds to the carboxy-terminus of
BCAR1/p130Cas, a focal adhesion adapter protein. Over
expression of BCAR1 (p130Cas) and BCAR3 induces
estrogen independent growth in normally
estrogen-dependent cell lines. They have been linked to
resistance to anti-estrogens in breast cancer, Rac
activation, and cell motility, though the BCAR3/p130Cas
complex is not required for this activity in BCAR3.
Many BCAR3-mediated signaling events in epithelial and
mesenchymal cells are independent of p130Cas
association. Structurally these proteins contain a
single SH2 domain upstream of their RasGEF domain,
which is responsible for the ability of BCAR3 to
enhance p130Cas over-expression-induced migration. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 136
Score = 45.4 bits (108), Expect = 9e-08
Identities = 18/40 (45%), Positives = 28/40 (70%), Gaps = 2/40 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCF 40
W+HG+I R+ AESL+ + +G FLVR+S + P D++ C
Sbjct: 8 WYHGRIPRQVAESLV--QREGDFLVRDSLSSPGDYVLTCR 45
>gnl|CDD|198278 cd10415, SH2_Grb10, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
growth factor receptor bound, subclass 10 (Grb10)
proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains.
Grb10 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also
includes Grb7, and Grb14. They are composed of an
N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like
(RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a
phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a
C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10
and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb10
has been shown to interact with many different
proteins, including the insulin and IGF1 receptors,
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-beta,
Ret, Kit, Raf1 and MEK1, and Nedd4. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 108
Score = 44.2 bits (104), Expect = 2e-07
Identities = 26/79 (32%), Positives = 47/79 (59%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKE--DGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV----KYKE 53
WFHG+ISRE + ++ + DGLFL+R+S + P+ F + +C K++++++ +
Sbjct: 7 WFHGRISREESHRIIKQQGLVDGLFLLRDSQSNPKAFVLTLCHHQKIKNFQILPCEDDGQ 66
Query: 54 AHLTIDD-EEFFENLAQLV 71
++DD F +L QLV
Sbjct: 67 TFFSLDDGNTKFSDLIQLV 85
>gnl|CDD|198220 cd10357, SH2_ShkD_ShkE, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2
domain-bearing protein kinases D and E (ShkD and ShkE).
SH2-bearing genes cloned from Dictyostelium include
two transcription factors, STATa and STATc, and a
signaling factor, SHK1 (shkA). A database search of the
Dictyostelium discoideum genome revealed two additional
putative STAT sequences, dd-STATb and dd-STATd, and
four additional putative SHK genes, dd-SHK2 (shkB),
dd-SHK3 (shkC), dd-SHK4 (shkD), and dd-SHK5 (shkE).
This model contains members of shkD and shkE. All of
the SHK members are most closely related to the protein
kinases found in plants. However these kinases in
plants are not conjugated to any SH2 or SH2-like
sequences. Alignment data indicates that the SHK SH2
domains carry some features of the STAT SH2 domains in
Dictyostelium. When STATc's linker domain was used for
a BLAST search, the sequence between the protein kinase
domain and the SH2 domain (the linker) of SHK was
recovered, suggesting a close relationship among these
molecules within this region. SHK's linker domain is
predicted to contain an alpha-helix which is indeed
homologous to that of STAT. Based on the phylogenetic
alignment, SH2 domains can be grouped into two
categories, STAT-type and Src-type. SHK family members
are in between, but are closer to the STAT-type which
indicates a close relationship between SHK and STAT
families in their SH2 domains and further supports the
notion that SHKs linker-SH2 domain evolved from STAT or
STATL (STAT-like Linker-SH2) domain found in plants. In
SHK, STAT, and SPT6, the linker-SH2 domains all reside
exclusively in the C-terminal regions. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 87
Score = 42.9 bits (101), Expect = 3e-07
Identities = 20/56 (35%), Positives = 30/56 (53%), Gaps = 3/56 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF---MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKE 53
WFHG ISR+ AE L + +G FL+R S+ P+ + +SK H R+ +
Sbjct: 12 WFHGDISRDEAEKRLRGRPEGTFLIRLSSTDPKKTPFTISKKKKSKPVHKRISRID 67
>gnl|CDD|198184 cd09930, SH2_cSH2_p85_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (cSH2)
domain found in p85. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases
(PI3Ks) are essential for cell growth, migration, and
survival. p110, the catalytic subunit, is composed of
an adaptor-binding domain, a Ras-binding domain, a C2
domain, a helical domain, and a kinase domain. The
regulatory unit is called p85 and is composed of an SH3
domain, a RhoGap domain, a N-terminal SH2 (nSH2)
domain, a inter SH2 (iSH2) domain, and C-terminal
(cSH2) domain. There are 2 inhibitory interactions
between p110alpha and p85 of P13K: 1) p85 nSH2 domain
with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110alpha
and 2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha.
There are 3 inhibitory interactions between p110beta
and p85 of P13K: 1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2,
helical, and kinase domains of p110beta, 2) p85 iSH2
domain with C2 domain of p110alpha, and 3) p85 cSH2
domain with the kinase domain of p110alpha. It is
interesting to note that p110beta is oncogenic as a
wild type protein while p110alpha lacks this ability.
One explanation is the idea that the regulation of
p110beta by p85 is unique because of the addition of
inhibitory contacts from the cSH2 domain and the loss
of contacts in the iSH2 domain. In general SH2 domains
are involved in signal transduction. They typically
bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a
pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins
with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 104
Score = 42.8 bits (101), Expect = 5e-07
Identities = 19/46 (41%), Positives = 24/46 (52%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEH 46
W G I+R AE LL K DG FL+RES+ V +V+H
Sbjct: 8 WLVGDINRTQAEELLRGKPDGTFLIRESSTQGCYACSVVCNGEVKH 53
>gnl|CDD|198265 cd10402, SH2_C-SH2_Zap70, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70
(ZAP-70). ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of
hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases
(PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody
receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural
killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells,
mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets,
macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required
for the proper development of T and B cells, immune
receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two
N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a
C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains
by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both
tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor
Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus
sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs
is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk
with the receptor subunits and for receptor function.
ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one
of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two
SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding
site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function
independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk
display flexibility in their relative orientation,
allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of
spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and
singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This
model contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of Zap70. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 105
Score = 41.8 bits (98), Expect = 1e-06
Identities = 25/74 (33%), Positives = 38/74 (51%), Gaps = 3/74 (4%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL--APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEHYRV-KYKEAHLT 57
W+HG I+R+ AE L + DG FL+RE + + + V HYR+ + K +
Sbjct: 12 WYHGSIARDEAERRLYSGAQPDGKFLLRERKESGTYALSLVYGKTVYHYRIDQDKSGKYS 71
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I + F+ L QLV
Sbjct: 72 IPEGTKFDTLWQLV 85
>gnl|CDD|198268 cd10405, SH2_Vav1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav1
proteins. Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl
family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for
the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are
activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their
activation. There are three Vav mammalian family
members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic
system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously
expressed. Vav1 plays a role in T-cell and B-cell
development and activation. It has been identified as
the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from
HIV-1, resulting in morphological changes, cytoskeletal
rearrangements, and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade,
leading to increased levels of viral transcription and
replication. Vav1 has been shown to interact with Ku70,
PLCG1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Janus kinase 2,
SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ARHGDIB, SHB, PIK3R1, PRKCQ,
Grb2, MAPK1, Syk, Linker of activated T cells, Cbl gene
and EZH2. Vav proteins are involved in several
processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization,
such as the formation of the immunological synapse
(IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading,
and transformation. Vavs function as guanine
nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac
family of GTPases. Vav family members have several
conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich
region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH)
domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a
pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich
domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a SH2
domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have
both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same
protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain
is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization
with other HLH proteins and it may function as a
negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers.
The CH domain is usually involved in the association
with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT
stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming
activity. Acidic domains are involved in
protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory
tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor
on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in
interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or
phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3
domain is involved in localization of proteins to
specific sites within the cell interacting with protein
with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a
high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated
proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 103
Score = 41.9 bits (98), Expect = 1e-06
Identities = 22/72 (30%), Positives = 40/72 (55%), Gaps = 1/72 (1%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTID 59
W+ G + R AES+LA + DG +LVR+ +F + + + +V+H ++ E I
Sbjct: 7 WYAGPMERAGAESILANRSDGTYLVRQRVKDAAEFAISIKYNVEVKHIKIMTAEGLYRIT 66
Query: 60 DEEFFENLAQLV 71
+++ F L +LV
Sbjct: 67 EKKAFRGLTELV 78
>gnl|CDD|199827 cd09933, SH2_Src_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. The Src
family kinases are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that
have been implicated in pathways regulating
proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis,
and bone metabolism. It is thought that transforming
ability of Src is linked to its ability to activate key
signaling molecules in these pathways, rather than
through direct activity. As such blocking Src
activation has been a target for drug companies. Src
family members can be divided into 3 groups based on
their expression pattern: 1) Src, Fyn, and Yes; 2)
Blk, Fgr, Hck, Lck, and Lyn; and 3) Frk-related kinases
Frk/Rak and Iyk/Bsk Of these, cellular c-Src is the
best studied and most frequently implicated in
oncogenesis. The c-Src contains five distinct regions:
a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2
domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do
the other members of the family. Src exists in both
active and inactive conformations. Negative regulation
occurs through phosphorylation of Tyr, resulting in an
intramolecular association between phosphorylated Tyr
and the SH2 domain of SRC, which locks the protein in a
closed conformation. Further stabilization of the
inactive state occurs through interactions between the
SH3 domain and a proline-rich stretch of residues
within the kinase domain. Conversely, dephosphorylation
of Tyr allows SRC to assume an open conformation. Full
activity requires additional autophosphorylation of a
Tyr residue within the catalytic domain. Loss of the
negative-regulatory C-terminal segment has been shown
to result in increased activity and transforming
potential. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal Tyr
residue by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Csk homology
kinase results in increased intramolecular interactions
and consequent Src inactivation. Specific phosphatases,
protein tyrosine phosphatase a (PTPa) and the
SH-containing phosphatases SHP1/SHP2, have also been
shown to take a part in Src activation. Src is also
activated by direct binding of focal adhesion kinase
(Fak) and Crk-associated substrate (Cas) to the SH2
domain. SRC activity can also be regulated by numerous
receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as Her2,
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast
growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor
receptor (PDGFR), and vascular endothelial growth
factor receptor (VEGFR). In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 101
Score = 41.8 bits (99), Expect = 1e-06
Identities = 29/86 (33%), Positives = 40/86 (46%), Gaps = 21/86 (24%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAES-LLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCV-----CFESKVEHYRVKYK 52
WF GKI R+ AE LLAP G FL+RES P + + V V+HYR++
Sbjct: 5 WFFGKIKRKDAEKLLLAPGNPRGTFLIRESETTPGAYSLSVRDGDDARGDTVKHYRIR-- 62
Query: 53 EAHLTIDDEEF-------FENLAQLV 71
+D+ + F L +LV
Sbjct: 63 ----KLDNGGYYITTRATFPTLQELV 84
>gnl|CDD|198193 cd09940, SH2_Vav_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
Vav family. Vav proteins are involved in several
processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization,
such as the formation of the immunological synapse
(IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading,
and transformation. Vavs function as guanine
nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac
family of GTPases. Vav family members have several
conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich
region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH)
domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a
pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich
domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a
SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have
both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same
protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain
is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization
with other HLH proteins and it may function as a
negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers.
The CH domain is usually involved in the association
with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT
stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming
activity. Acidic domains are involved in
protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory
tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor
on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in
interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or
phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3
domain is involved in localization of proteins to
specific sites within the cell interacting with protein
with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a
high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated
proteins. There are three Vav mammalian family
members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic
system, Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously expressed.
The members here include insect and amphibian Vavs. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 102
Score = 41.5 bits (98), Expect = 1e-06
Identities = 20/73 (27%), Positives = 40/73 (54%), Gaps = 2/73 (2%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLT-I 58
WF G++ R+TAE+ L + DG +LVR + + + + V+H +++ + L +
Sbjct: 7 WFVGEMERDTAENRLENRPDGTYLVRVRPQGETQYALSIKYNGDVKHMKIEQRSDGLYYL 66
Query: 59 DDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ F++L +LV
Sbjct: 67 SESRHFKSLVELV 79
>gnl|CDD|198214 cd10351, SH2_SH2D4B, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2
domain containing protein 4B (SH2D4B). SH2D4B contains
a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 103
Score = 40.6 bits (95), Expect = 3e-06
Identities = 18/28 (64%), Positives = 20/28 (71%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
WFHG ISRE AE+LL +G FLVR S
Sbjct: 9 WFHGIISREEAEALLMNATEGSFLVRVS 36
>gnl|CDD|198253 cd10390, SH2_SHD, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2
domain-containing adapter proteins D (SHD). The
expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHD may
be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may function
as an adapter protein in the central nervous system. It
is also thought to be involved in apoptotic regulation.
SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate sequence
preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition to a
poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2 domain.
In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 98
Score = 40.5 bits (94), Expect = 3e-06
Identities = 18/34 (52%), Positives = 24/34 (70%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQD 34
WFHG +SR AE+LL+ ++G +LVR S PQD
Sbjct: 3 WFHGPLSRADAENLLSLCKEGSYLVRLSETRPQD 36
>gnl|CDD|198181 cd09927, SH2_Tensin_like, Src homology 2 domain found in
Tensin-like proteins. SH2 domain found in Tensin-like
proteins. The Tensins are a family of intracellular
proteins that interact with receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs), integrins, and actin. They are thought act as
signaling bridges between the extracellular space and
the cytoskeleton. There are four homologues: Tensin1,
Tensin2 (TENC1, C1-TEN), Tensin3 and Tensin4 (cten),
all of which contain a C-terminal tandem SH2-PTB domain
pairing, as well as actin-binding regions that may
localize them to focal adhesions. The isoforms of
Tensin2 and Tensin3 contain N-terminal C1 domains,
which are atypical and not expected to bind to phorbol
esters. Tensins 1-3 contain a phosphatase (PTPase) and
C2 domain pairing which resembles PTEN (phosphatase and
tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) protein.
PTEN is a lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates
phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
(PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) to yield phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). As PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is
the product of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)
activity, PTEN is therefore a key negative regulator of
the PI3K pathway. Because of their PTEN-like domains,
the Tensins may also possess phosphoinositide-binding
or phosphatase capabilities. However, only Tensin2 and
Tensin3 have the potential to be phosphatases since
only their PTPase domains contain a cysteine residue
that is essential for catalytic activity. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 116
Score = 40.5 bits (95), Expect = 5e-06
Identities = 15/35 (42%), Positives = 21/35 (60%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF 35
W+ ISR+ A +LL K G FLVR+ST + +
Sbjct: 5 WYKPNISRDQAIALLKDKPPGTFLVRDSTTYKGAY 39
>gnl|CDD|198196 cd09943, SH2_Nck_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
Nck family. Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate
actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich
effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or
phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two
members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2
(Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4
(Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3
domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have
overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts.
Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other
tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2
domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets.
Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and
Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And
in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while
Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in
the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia
coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in
recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex
inducing actin polymerization resulting in the
production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting
protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing
occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma
membrane projections are formed beneath the virus.
Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both
Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor
kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a
phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 93
Score = 39.4 bits (92), Expect = 9e-06
Identities = 19/65 (29%), Positives = 38/65 (58%), Gaps = 2/65 (3%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
W++G+I+R AE+LL +G FL+R+S + P D+ + + + +H++V+ + I
Sbjct: 3 WYYGRITRHQAETLLNEHGHEGDFLIRDSESNPGDYSVSLKAPGRNKHFKVQVVDNVYCI 62
Query: 59 DDEEF 63
+F
Sbjct: 63 GQRKF 67
>gnl|CDD|199831 cd10369, SH2_Src_Frk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
Fyn-related kinase (Frk). Frk is a member of the Src
non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins.
The Frk subfamily is composed of Frk/Rak and
Iyk/Bsk/Gst. It is expressed primarily epithelial
cells. Frk is a nuclear protein and may function
during G1 and S phase of the cell cycle and suppress
growth. Unlike the other Src members it lacks a glycine
at position 2 of SH4 which is important for addition of
a myristic acid moiety that is involved in targeting
Src PTKs to cellular membranes. FRK and SHB exert
similar effects when overexpressed in rat
phaeochromocytoma (PC12) and beta-cells, where both
induce PC12 cell differentiation and beta-cell
proliferation. Under conditions that cause beta-cell
degeneration these proteins augment beta-cell
apoptosis. The FRK-SHB responses involve FAK and
insulin receptor substrates (IRS) -1 and -2. Frk has
been demonstrated to interact with retinoblastoma
protein. Frk regulates PTEN protein stability by
phosphorylating PTEN, which in turn prevents PTEN
degradation. Frk also plays a role in regulation of
embryonal pancreatic beta cell formation. Frk has a
unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain,
a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other
members of the family. Like the other members of the
Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the
target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to
its activation loop. The tryosine involved is at the
same site as the tyrosine involved in the
autophosphorylation of Src. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 96
Score = 39.5 bits (92), Expect = 9e-06
Identities = 23/67 (34%), Positives = 34/67 (50%), Gaps = 9/67 (13%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAE-SLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESK-VEHYRVKYKEAHLT 57
WF G I R AE LL + + G FL+RES + +F + V+HYR++
Sbjct: 5 WFFGAIKRADAEKQLLYSENQTGAFLIRESESQKGEFSLSVLDGGVVKHYRIR------R 58
Query: 58 IDDEEFF 64
+D+ FF
Sbjct: 59 LDEGGFF 65
>gnl|CDD|198271 cd10408, SH2_Nck1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck. Nck
proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton
dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to
tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling
intermediates. There are two members known in this
family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth
factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are
characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal
SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as
determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor
tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated
proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they
also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling
proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1)
all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of
PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds
to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection
process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).
Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and
activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin
polymerization resulting in the production of
pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of
the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the
vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections
are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been
shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind
the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting
protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 97
Score = 39.2 bits (91), Expect = 1e-05
Identities = 22/65 (33%), Positives = 39/65 (60%), Gaps = 2/65 (3%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
W++GK++R AE L + +G FL+R+S + P DF + + + K +H++V+ KE I
Sbjct: 3 WYYGKVTRHQAEMALNERGNEGDFLIRDSESSPNDFSVSLKAQGKNKHFKVQLKECVYCI 62
Query: 59 DDEEF 63
+F
Sbjct: 63 GQRKF 67
>gnl|CDD|198223 cd10360, SH2_Srm, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
Src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory
tyrosine and N-terminal myristoylation sites (srm).
Srm is a nonreceptor protein kinase that has two SH2
domains, a SH3 domain, and a kinase domain with a
tyrosine residue for autophosphorylation. However it
lacks an N-terminal glycine for myristoylation and a
C-terminal tyrosine which suppresses kinase activity
when phosphorylated. Srm is most similar to members of
the Tec family who other members include: Tec, Btk/Emb,
and Itk/Tsk/Emt. However Srm differs in its N-terminal
unique domain it being much smaller than in the Tec
family and is closer to Src. Srm is thought to be a new
family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that may be
redundant in function. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 79
Score = 38.8 bits (90), Expect = 1e-05
Identities = 24/75 (32%), Positives = 36/75 (48%), Gaps = 4/75 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL--APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV-KYKEAHL 56
W+ ISR A+ LL P E G FL+R S + + + V ++KV HYR+ L
Sbjct: 2 WYFSGISRTQAQQLLLSPPNEPGAFLIRPSESSLGGYSLSVRAQAKVCHYRICMAPSGSL 61
Query: 57 TIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ F L +L+
Sbjct: 62 YLQKGRLFPGLEELL 76
>gnl|CDD|198219 cd10356, SH2_ShkA_ShkC, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2
domain-bearing protein kinases A and C (ShkA and ShkC).
SH2-bearing genes cloned from Dictyostelium include
two transcription factors, STATa and STATc, and a
signaling factor, SHK1 (shkA). A database search of the
Dictyostelium discoideum genome revealed two additional
putative STAT sequences, dd-STATb and dd-STATd, and
four additional putative SHK genes, dd-SHK2 (shkB),
dd-SHK3 (shkC), dd-SHK4 (shkD), and dd-SHK5 (shkE).
This model contains members of shkA and shkC. All of
the SHK members are most closely related to the protein
kinases found in plants. However these kinases in
plants are not conjugated to any SH2 or SH2-like
sequences. Alignment data indicates that the SHK SH2
domains carry some features of the STAT SH2 domains in
Dictyostelium. When STATc's linker domain was used for
a BLAST search, the sequence between the protein kinase
domain and the SH2 domain (the linker) of SHK was
recovered, suggesting a close relationship among these
molecules within this region. SHK's linker domain is
predicted to contain an alpha-helix which is indeed
homologous to that of STAT. Based on the phylogenetic
alignment, SH2 domains can be grouped into two
categories, STAT-type and Src-type. SHK family members
are in between, but are closer to the STAT-type which
indicates a close relationship between SHK and STAT
families in their SH2 domains and further supports the
notion that SHKs linker-SH2 domain evolved from STAT or
STATL (STAT-like Linker-SH2) domain found in plants. In
SHK, STAT, and SPT6, the linker-SH2 domains all reside
exclusively in the C-terminal regions. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 113
Score = 39.5 bits (92), Expect = 1e-05
Identities = 20/51 (39%), Positives = 27/51 (52%), Gaps = 2/51 (3%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMC--VCFESKVEHYRV 49
WFHG IS +E+ L K +G FLVR ST+ P + V + H R+
Sbjct: 12 WFHGDISTSESENRLNGKPEGTFLVRFSTSEPGAYTISKVSKNGGISHQRI 62
>gnl|CDD|198199 cd09946, SH2_HSH2_like, Src homology 2 domain found in
hematopoietic SH2 (HSH2) protein. HSH2 is thought to
function as an adapter protein involved in tyrosine
kinase signaling. It may also be involved in regulating
cytokine signaling and cytoskeletal reorganization in
hematopoietic cells. HSH2 contains several putative
protein-binding motifs, SH3-binding proline-rich
regions, and phosphotyrosine sites, but lacks enzymatic
motifs. HSH2 was found to interact with
cytokine-regulated tyrosine kinase c-FES and an
activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase ACK1. HSH2
binds c-FES through both its C-terminal region and its
N-terminal region including the SH2 domain and binds
ACK1 via its N-terminal proline-rich region. Both
kinases bound and tyrosine-phosphorylated HSH2 in
mammalian cells. In general SH2 domains are involved
in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 102
Score = 39.1 bits (91), Expect = 1e-05
Identities = 16/28 (57%), Positives = 20/28 (71%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
WFHG ISRE AE++L + G FL+R S
Sbjct: 9 WFHGAISREAAENMLESQPLGSFLIRVS 36
>gnl|CDD|198269 cd10406, SH2_Vav2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav2
proteins. Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl
family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for
the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are
activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their
activation. There are three Vav mammalian family
members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic
system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously
expressed. Vav2 is a GEF for RhoA, RhoB and RhoG and
may activate Rac1 and Cdc42. Vav2 has been shown to
interact with CD19 and Grb2. Alternatively spliced
transcript variants encoding different isoforms have
been found for Vav2. Vav proteins are involved in
several processes that require cytoskeletal
reorganization, such as the formation of the
immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet
aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs
function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)
for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members
have several conserved motifs/domains including: a
leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin
homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology
(DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a
cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich
region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho
GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3
domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich
helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved
in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins
and it may function as a negative regulator by forming
inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually
involved in the association with filamentous actin, but
in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization,
and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are
involved in protein-protein interactions and contain
regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP
exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in
involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins,
lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues.
The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins
to specific sites within the cell interacting with
protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain
mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine
phosphorylated proteins. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 103
Score = 39.3 bits (91), Expect = 1e-05
Identities = 22/72 (30%), Positives = 40/72 (55%), Gaps = 1/72 (1%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTID 59
WF G + R+ ++LL G +L+RE + F + + F +V+H +V K+ + I
Sbjct: 7 WFAGNMERQQTDNLLKSHASGTYLIRERPAEAERFAISIKFNDEVKHIKVVEKDNWIHIT 66
Query: 60 DEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ + FE+L +LV
Sbjct: 67 EAKKFESLLELV 78
>gnl|CDD|199830 cd10349, SH2_SH2D2A_SH2D7, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2
domain containing protein 2A and 7 (SH2D2A and SH2D7).
SH2D2A and SH7 both contain a single SH2 domain. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 77
Score = 38.3 bits (89), Expect = 2e-05
Identities = 17/28 (60%), Positives = 19/28 (67%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
WFHG I+R AE LL PK G +LVR S
Sbjct: 2 WFHGFITRREAERLLEPKPQGCYLVRFS 29
>gnl|CDD|198203 cd10340, SH2_N-SH2_SHP_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (N-SH2)
domain found in SH2 domain Phosphatases (SHP) proteins.
The SH2 domain phosphatases (SHP-1, SHP-2/Syp,
Drosophila corkscrew (csw), and Caenorhabditis elegans
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (Ptp-2)) are cytoplasmic
signaling enzymes. They are both targeted and regulated
by interactions of their SH2 domains with
phosphotyrosine docking sites. These proteins contain
two SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2) followed by a tyrosine
phosphatase (PTP) domain, and a C-terminal extension.
Shp1 and Shp2 have two tyrosyl phosphorylation sites in
their C-tails, which are phosphorylated differentially
by receptor and nonreceptor PTKs. Csw retains the
proximal tyrosine and Ptp-2 lacks both sites.
Shp-binding proteins include receptors, scaffolding
adapters, and inhibitory receptors. Some of these bind
both Shp1 and Shp2 while others bind only one. Most
proteins that bind a Shp SH2 domain contain one or more
immuno-receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs
(ITIMs): [IVL]xpYxx[IVL]. Shp1 N-SH2 domain blocks the
catalytic domain and keeps the enzyme in the inactive
conformation, and is thus believed to regulate the
phosphatase activity of SHP-1. Its C-SH2 domain is
thought to be involved in searching for phosphotyrosine
activators. The SHP2 N-SH2 domain is a conformational
switch; it either binds and inhibits the phosphatase,
or it binds phosphoproteins and activates the enzyme.
The C-SH2 domain contributes binding energy and
specificity, but it does not have a direct role in
activation. Csw SH2 domain function is essential, but
either SH2 domain can fulfill this requirement. The
role of the csw SH2 domains during Sevenless receptor
tyrosine kinase (SEV) signaling is to bind Daughter of
Sevenless rather than activated SEV. Ptp-2 acts in
oocytes downstream of sheath/oocyte gap junctions to
promote major sperm protein (MSP)-induced MAP Kinase
(MPK-1) phosphorylation. Ptp-2 functions in the oocyte
cytoplasm, not at the cell surface to inhibit multiple
RasGAPs, resulting in sustained Ras activation. It is
thought that MSP triggers PTP-2/Ras activation and ROS
production to stimulate MPK-1 activity essential for
oocyte maturation and that secreted MSP domains and
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases function antagonistically
to control ROS and MAPK signaling. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 99
Score = 38.5 bits (90), Expect = 2e-05
Identities = 26/73 (35%), Positives = 38/73 (52%), Gaps = 2/73 (2%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
WFH IS AE+LL + DG FL R S + P DF + V +V H +++ + +
Sbjct: 2 WFHPVISGIEAENLLKTRGVDGSFLARPSKSNPGDFTLSVRRGDEVTHIKIQNTGDYYDL 61
Query: 59 DDEEFFENLAQLV 71
E F L++LV
Sbjct: 62 YGGEKFATLSELV 74
>gnl|CDD|198274 cd10411, SH2_SH2B2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B
adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3). SH2B2 (APS),
like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family,
contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one
dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which
binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of
tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in
signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone
receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the
insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I),
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth
factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth
factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is
an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2
(SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling
and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 97
Score = 38.1 bits (88), Expect = 3e-05
Identities = 19/58 (32%), Positives = 31/58 (53%), Gaps = 4/58 (6%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL---APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA 54
WFHG +SR A L+ P+ GLF++R+S P ++ + F+ K +H R+
Sbjct: 10 WFHGTLSRVKAAQLVLAGGPRSHGLFVIRQSETRPGEYVLTFNFQGKAKHLRLSLNGH 67
>gnl|CDD|198216 cd10353, SH2_Nterm_RasGAP, N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (GAP). RasGAP
is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating
proteins. The protein is located in the cytoplasm and
stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21, but
not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor
of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak
intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in
RAS inactivation, thereby allowing control of cellular
proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to
changes in the binding sites of either protein are
associated with basal cell carcinomas. Alternative
splicing results in two isoforms. The shorter isoform
which lacks the N-terminal hydrophobic region, has the
same activity, and is expressed in placental tissues.
In general the longer isoform contains 2 SH2 domains, a
SH3 domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a
calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain. The
C-terminus contains the catalytic domain of RasGap
which catalyzes the activation of Ras by hydrolyzing
GTP-bound active Ras into an inactive GDP-bound form of
Ras. This model contains the N-terminal SH2 domain. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 103
Score = 38.3 bits (89), Expect = 3e-05
Identities = 19/52 (36%), Positives = 30/52 (57%), Gaps = 4/52 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAES-LLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESK--VEHYRV 49
W+HG++ R AE L + G +L+RES P F+ + F S+ V H+R+
Sbjct: 21 WYHGRLDRTIAEERLRQAGKLGSYLIRESDRRPGSFV-LSFLSRTGVNHFRI 71
>gnl|CDD|198178 cd09923, SH2_SOCS_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. SH2
domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first
recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS)
domain proteins comprising eight family members in
human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2
domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain
and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS
proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The
prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been
shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and
in a classic negative feedback response compete for
binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and
receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and
target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation.
Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine
signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic,
autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain
cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their
conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that
associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS
SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase
components. These show limited cytokine induction. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 81
Score = 37.2 bits (87), Expect = 4e-05
Identities = 16/28 (57%), Positives = 20/28 (71%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
W+ G I+R AE LLA K +G FLVR+S
Sbjct: 2 WYWGGITRYEAEELLAGKPEGTFLVRDS 29
>gnl|CDD|198251 cd10388, SH2_SOCS7, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2
domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first
recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS)
domain proteins comprising eight family members in
human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2
domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain
and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS
proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The
prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been
shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and
in a classic negative feedback response compete for
binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and
receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and
target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation.
Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine
signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic,
autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain
cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their
conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that
associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS
SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase
components. These show limited cytokine induction. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 36.9 bits (86), Expect = 7e-05
Identities = 19/55 (34%), Positives = 32/55 (58%), Gaps = 3/55 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCF--ESKVEHYRVKYKE 53
W+ G +S E AE +L+ K DG FLVR+S++ + + F + V H R++ +
Sbjct: 12 WYWGPMSWEDAEKVLSNKPDGSFLVRDSSD-DRYIFSLSFRSQGSVHHTRIEQYQ 65
>gnl|CDD|198254 cd10391, SH2_SHE, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2
domain-containing adapter protein E (SHE). SHE is
expressed in heart, lung, brain, and skeletal muscle.
SHE contains two pTry protein binding domains, protein
interaction domain (PID) and a SH2 domain, followed by
a glycine-proline rich region, all of which are
N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain.
In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 98
Score = 36.9 bits (85), Expect = 8e-05
Identities = 15/28 (53%), Positives = 19/28 (67%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
W+HG ISR AES L P ++ +LVR S
Sbjct: 3 WYHGSISRAEAESRLQPCKEASYLVRNS 30
>gnl|CDD|198205 cd10342, SH2_SAP1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
SLAM-associated protein (SAP)1. The X-linked
lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP
(also called SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a
5 residue N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short
25 residue C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an
extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and
natural killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in
XLP patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4,
Ly-9, and CD84. SAP is believed to function as a
signaling inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding
of other signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like
protein EAT-2 recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX[VI],
which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of a
restricted number of T, B, and NK cell surface
receptors and are proposed to be natural inhibitors or
regulators of the physiological role of a small family
of receptors on the surface of these cells. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 103
Score = 36.5 bits (84), Expect = 1e-04
Identities = 24/79 (30%), Positives = 40/79 (50%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKE-DGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV-KYKEAHLT 57
+HGKISRET E LL DG +L+R+S + P + +CV + + YRV + + +
Sbjct: 5 VYHGKISRETGEKLLLATGLDGSYLLRDSESVPGVYCLCVLYHGYIYTYRVSQTETGSWS 64
Query: 58 IDDE-----EFFENLAQLV 71
+ +F + L+
Sbjct: 65 AETAPGVHKRYFRKIKNLI 83
>gnl|CDD|198209 cd10346, SH2_SH2B_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
SH2B adapter protein family. The SH2B adapter protein
family has 3 members: SH2B1 (SH2-B, PSM), SH2B2
(APS), and SH2B3 (Lnk). SH2B family members contain a
pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization
domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to
phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine
kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in signaling
pathways found downstream of growth hormone receptor
and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin,
insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor, hepatocyte
growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors.
SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is an endogenous
inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2 (SH2B2alpha),
negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or
JAK2-mediated cellular responses. SH2B3 negatively
regulates lymphopoiesis and early hematopoiesis. The
lnk-deficiency results in enhanced production of B
cells, and expansion as well as enhanced function of
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), demonstrating negative
regulatory functions of Sh2b3/Lnk in cytokine
signaling. Sh2b3/Lnk also functions in responses
controlled by cell adhesion and in crosstalk between
integrin- and cytokine-mediated signaling. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 97
Score = 36.2 bits (84), Expect = 1e-04
Identities = 18/53 (33%), Positives = 28/53 (52%), Gaps = 4/53 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL---APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRV 49
WFHG +SR A L+ G+FLVR+S +F + F+ + +H R+
Sbjct: 10 WFHGTLSRSDAAQLVLHSGADGHGVFLVRQSETRRGEFVLTFNFQGRAKHLRL 62
>gnl|CDD|198279 cd10416, SH2_SH2D2A, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2
domain containing protein 2A (SH2D2A). SH2D2A contains
a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 102
Score = 36.6 bits (84), Expect = 1e-04
Identities = 17/28 (60%), Positives = 19/28 (67%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
WFHG I+R AE LL PK G +LVR S
Sbjct: 9 WFHGFITRREAERLLEPKPQGCYLVRFS 36
>gnl|CDD|198233 cd10370, SH2_Src_Src42, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the
Src oncogene at 42A (Src42). Src42 is a member of the
Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of
proteins. The integration of receptor tyrosine
kinase-induced RAS and Src42 signals by Connector
eNhancer of KSR (CNK) as a two-component input is
essential for RAF activation in Drosophila. Src42 is
present in a wide variety of organisms including:
California sea hare, pea aphid, yellow fever mosquito,
honey bee, Panamanian leafcutter ant, and sea urchin.
Src42 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an
SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as
do the other members of the family. Like the other
members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to
binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role
by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 96
Score = 36.3 bits (84), Expect = 1e-04
Identities = 27/75 (36%), Positives = 37/75 (49%), Gaps = 4/75 (5%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAES--LLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVK-YKEAHL 56
W+ GKI R AE LL E G FL+R+S + D+ + V V+HYR++ E
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKIKRIEAEKKLLLPENEHGAFLIRDSESRHNDYSLSVRDGDTVKHYRIRQLDEGGF 64
Query: 57 TIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I F L +LV
Sbjct: 65 FIARRTTFRTLQELV 79
>gnl|CDD|198188 cd09934, SH2_Tec_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
Tec-like proteins. The Tec protein tyrosine kinase is
the founding member of a family that includes Btk, Itk,
Bmx, and Txk. The members have a PH domain, a
zinc-binding motif, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a
protein kinase catalytic domain. Btk is involved in
B-cell receptor signaling with mutations in Btk
responsible for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in
humans and X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) in mice. Itk
is involved in T-cell receptor signaling. Tec is
expressed in both T and B cells, and is thought to
function in activated and effector T lymphocytes to
induce the expression of genes regulated by NFAT
transcription factors. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 104
Score = 36.2 bits (84), Expect = 1e-04
Identities = 20/55 (36%), Positives = 30/55 (54%), Gaps = 5/55 (9%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFP----QDFMCVCFESKVEHYRVK 50
W+ G +SR+ AESLL + ++G F+VR S+ F V V+HY +K
Sbjct: 8 WYVGDMSRQRAESLLKQEDKEGCFVVRNSSTKGLYTVSLFTKVPGSPHVKHYHIK 62
>gnl|CDD|198195 cd09942, SH2_nSH2_p85_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (nSH2)
domain found in p85. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases
(PI3Ks) are essential for cell growth, migration, and
survival. p110, the catalytic subunit, is composed of
an adaptor-binding domain, a Ras-binding domain, a C2
domain, a helical domain, and a kinase domain. The
regulatory unit is called p85 and is composed of an SH3
domain, a RhoGap domain, a N-terminal SH2 (nSH2)
domain, an internal SH2 (iSH2) domain, and C-terminal
(cSH2) domain. There are 2 inhibitory interactions
between p110alpha and p85 of P13K: (1) p85 nSH2 domain
with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110alpha
and (2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha.
There are 3 inhibitory interactions between p110beta
and p85 of P13K: (1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2,
helical, and kinase domains of p110beta, (2) p85 iSH2
domain with C2 domain of p110alpha, and (3) p85 cSH2
domain with the kinase domain of p110alpha. It is
interesting to note that p110beta is oncogenic as a
wild type protein while p110alpha lacks this ability.
One explanation is the idea that the regulation of
p110beta by p85 is unique because of the addition of
inhibitory contacts from the cSH2 domain and the loss
of contacts in the iSH2 domain. In general SH2 domains
are involved in signal transduction. They typically
bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a
pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins
with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 110
Score = 36.1 bits (84), Expect = 2e-04
Identities = 13/35 (37%), Positives = 19/35 (54%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF 35
W+ G ISRE + DG FLVR+++ D+
Sbjct: 9 WYWGDISREEVNEKMRDTPDGTFLVRDASTMKGDY 43
>gnl|CDD|198224 cd10361, SH2_Fps_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
feline sarcoma, Fujinami poultry sarcoma, and
fes-related (Fes/Fps/Fer) proteins. The Fps family
consists of members Fps/Fes and Fer/Flk/Tyk3. They are
cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases implicated in
signaling downstream from cytokines, growth factors and
immune receptors. Fes/Fps/Fer contains three
coiled-coil regions, an SH2 (Src-homology-2) and a TK
(tyrosine kinase catalytic) domain signature. Members
here include: Fps/Fes, Fer, Kin-31, and In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 90
Score = 35.6 bits (83), Expect = 2e-04
Identities = 20/75 (26%), Positives = 41/75 (54%), Gaps = 6/75 (8%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES---TNFPQDFM-CVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHL 56
++HG + RE AE LL K DG FLVR++ + + V ++ K+ H+ + +
Sbjct: 8 YYHGLLPREDAEELL--KNDGDFLVRKTEPKGGGKRKLVLSVRWDGKIRHFVINRDDGGK 65
Query: 57 TIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ + F+++++L+
Sbjct: 66 YYIEGKSFKSISELI 80
>gnl|CDD|198218 cd10355, SH2_DAPP1_BAM32_like, Src homology 2 domain found in
dual adaptor for phosphotyrosine and
3-phosphoinositides ( DAPP1)/B lymphocyte adaptor
molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32)-like proteins. DAPP1/Bam32
contains a putative myristoylation site at its
N-terminus, followed by a SH2 domain, and a pleckstrin
homology (PH) domain at its C-terminus. DAPP1 could
potentially be recruited to the cell membrane by any of
these domains. Its putative myristoylation site could
facilitate the interaction of DAPP1 with the lipid
bilayer. Its SH2 domain may also interact with
phosphotyrosine residues on membrane-associated
proteins such as activated tyrosine kinase receptors.
And finally its PH domain exhibits a high-affinity
interaction with the PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) PtdIns(3,4)P(2)
second messengers produced at the cell membrane
following the activation of PI 3-kinases. DAPP1 is
thought to interact with both tyrosine phosphorylated
proteins and 3-phosphoinositides and therefore may play
a role in regulating the location and/or activity of
such proteins(s) in response to agonists that elevate
PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and PtdIns(3,4)P(2). This protein is
likely to play an important role in triggering signal
transduction pathways that lie downstream from receptor
tyrosine kinases and PI 3-kinase. It is likely that
DAPP1 functions as an adaptor to recruit other proteins
to the plasma membrane in response to extracellular
signals. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 92
Score = 35.1 bits (81), Expect = 3e-04
Identities = 21/65 (32%), Positives = 33/65 (50%), Gaps = 2/65 (3%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAES-LLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
W+HG ++R AE+ LL+ DG +L+R S F + V + V+H+ V+Y
Sbjct: 8 WYHGNLTRHAAEALLLSNGVDGSYLLRNSNEGTGLFSLSVRAKDSVKHFHVEYTGYSFKF 67
Query: 59 DDEEF 63
EF
Sbjct: 68 GFNEF 72
>gnl|CDD|198255 cd10392, SH2_SHF, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2
domain-containing adapter protein F (SHF). SHF is
thought to play a role in PDGF-receptor signaling and
regulation of apoptosis. SHF is mainly expressed in
skeletal muscle, brain, liver, prostate, testis, ovary,
small intestine, and colon. SHF contains four putative
tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 98
Score = 35.0 bits (80), Expect = 4e-04
Identities = 16/35 (45%), Positives = 21/35 (60%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF 35
W+HG ISR AE+LL ++ +LVR S DF
Sbjct: 3 WYHGAISRTDAENLLRLCKEASYLVRNSETSKNDF 37
>gnl|CDD|199832 cd10417, SH2_SH2D7, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain
containing protein 7 (SH2D7). SH2D7 contains a single
SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in
signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 102
Score = 35.3 bits (81), Expect = 4e-04
Identities = 15/28 (53%), Positives = 18/28 (64%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
WFHG I+R+ E LL K G FL+R S
Sbjct: 9 WFHGFITRKQTEQLLRDKALGSFLIRLS 36
>gnl|CDD|198183 cd09929, SH2_BLNK_SLP-76, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
B-cell linker (BLNK) protein and SH2 domain-containing
leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76). BLNK (also known
as SLP-65 or BASH) is an important adaptor protein
expressed in B-lineage cells. BLNK consists of a
N-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and a
C-terminal SH2 domain. BLNK is a cytoplasmic protein,
but a part of it is bound to the plasma membrane
through an N-terminal leucine zipper motif and
transiently bound to a cytoplasmic domain of Iga
through its C-terminal SH2 domain upon B cell antigen
receptor (BCR)-stimulation. A non-ITAM phosphotyrosine
in Iga is necessary for the binding with the BLNK SH2
domain and/or for normal BLNK function in signaling and
B cell activation. Upon phosphorylation BLNK binds Btk
and PLCgamma2 through their SH2 domains and mediates
PLCgamma2 activation by Btk. BLNK also binds other
signaling molecules such as Vav, Grb2, Syk, and HPK1.
BLNK has been shown to be necessary for BCR-mediated
Ca2+ mobilization, for the activation of
mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK, JNK, and
p38 in a chicken B cell line DT40, and for activation
of transcription factors such as NF-AT and NF-kappaB in
human or mouse B cells. BLNK is involved in B cell
development, B cell survival, activation,
proliferation, and T-independent immune responses. BLNK
is structurally homologous to SLP-76. SLP-76 and
(linker for activation of T cells) LAT are
adaptor/linker proteins in T cell antigen receptor
activation and T cell development. BLNK interacts with
many downstream signaling proteins that interact
directly with both SLP-76 and LAT. New data suggest
functional complementation of SLP-76 and LAT in T cell
antigen receptor function with BLNK in BCR function. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 121
Score = 34.6 bits (80), Expect = 9e-04
Identities = 20/59 (33%), Positives = 32/59 (54%), Gaps = 6/59 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAES-LLAPKEDGLFLVRES----TNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA 54
W+ G I R+ AE L +DG FLVR+S ++ P M V + KV + ++++ E
Sbjct: 13 WYAGNIDRKEAEEALRRSNKDGTFLVRDSSGKDSSQPYTLM-VLYNDKVYNIQIRFLEN 70
>gnl|CDD|198275 cd10412, SH2_SH2B3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B
adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3). SH2B3 (Lnk),
like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family,
contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one
dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which
binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of
tyrosine kinases. SH2B3 negatively regulates
lymphopoiesis and early hematopoiesis. The
lnk-deficiency results in enhanced production of B
cells, and expansion as well as enhanced function of
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), demonstrating negative
regulatory functions of Sh2b3/Lnk in cytokine
signaling. Sh2b3/Lnk also functions in responses
controlled by cell adhesion and in crosstalk between
integrin- and cytokine-mediated signaling. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 97
Score = 34.1 bits (78), Expect = 9e-04
Identities = 20/57 (35%), Positives = 30/57 (52%), Gaps = 4/57 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL---APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKE 53
WFHG ISR A L+ P G+FLVR+S ++ + F+ + +H R+ E
Sbjct: 10 WFHGPISRVKAAQLVQLQGPDAHGVFLVRQSETRRGEYVLTFNFQGRAKHLRLSLTE 66
>gnl|CDD|198262 cd10399, SH2_Tec_Bmx, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec
protein, Bmx. A member of the Tec protein tyrosine
kinase Bmx is expressed in the endothelium of large
arteries, fetal endocardium, adult endocardium of the
left ventricle, bone marrow, lung, testis,
granulocytes, myeloid cell lines, and prostate cell
lines. Bmx is involved in the regulation of Rho and
serum response factor (SRF). Bmx has been shown to
interact with PAK1, PTK2, PTPN21, and RUFY1. Most of
the Tec family members have a PH domain (Txk and the
short (type 1) splice variant of Drosophila Btk29A are
exceptions), a Tec homology (TH) domain, a SH3 domain,
a SH2 domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain.
The TH domain consists of a Zn2+-binding Btk motif and
a proline-rich region. The Btk motif is found in Tec
kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP. It is crucial for the
function of Tec PH domains. It is not present in Txk
and the type 1 splice form of the Drosophila homolog.
The proline-rich regions are highly conserved for the
most part with the exception of Bmx whose residues
surrounding the PXXP motif are not conserved (TH-like)
and Btk29A which is entirely unique with large numbers
of glycine residues (TH-extended). Tec family members
all lack a C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory
function in its phosphorylated state. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 106
Score = 33.8 bits (77), Expect = 0.001
Identities = 24/79 (30%), Positives = 38/79 (48%), Gaps = 8/79 (10%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTN---FPQDFMCVCFESK---VEHYRV-KYK 52
WF G ISR +E LL K ++G F+VR S+ + K V+HY V
Sbjct: 8 WFAGNISRSQSEQLLRQKGKEGAFMVRNSSQVGMYTVSLFSKAVNDKKGTVKHYHVHTNA 67
Query: 53 EAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
E L + + F+++ +L+
Sbjct: 68 ENKLYLAENYCFDSIPKLI 86
>gnl|CDD|198228 cd10365, SH2_Src_Src, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
tyrosine kinase sarcoma (Src). Src is a member of the
Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of
proteins. Src is thought to play a role in the
regulation of embryonic development and cell growth.
Members here include v-Src and c-Src. v-Src lacks the
C-terminal inhibitory phosphorylation site and is
therefore constitutively active as opposed to normal
cellular src (c-Src) which is only activated under
certain circumstances where it is required (e.g. growth
factor signaling). v-Src is an oncogene whereas c-Src
is a proto-oncogene. c-Src consists of three domains,
an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain and a
tyrosine kinase domain. The SH2 and SH3 domains work
together in the auto-inhibition of the kinase domain.
The phosphorylation of an inhibitory tyrosine near the
c-terminus of the protein produces a binding site for
the SH2 domain which then facilitates binding of the
SH3 domain to a polyproline site within the linker
between the SH2 domain and the kinase domain. Binding
of the SH3 domain inactivates the enzyme. This allows
for multiple mechanisms for c-Src activation:
dephosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine by a
protein tyrosine phosphatase, binding of the SH2 domain
by a competitive phospho-tyrosine residue, or
competitive binding of a polyproline binding site to
the SH3 domain. Unlike most other Src members Src
lacks cysteine residues in the SH4 domain that undergo
palmitylation. Serine and threonine phosphorylation
sites have also been identified in the unique domains
of Src and are believed to modulate protein-protein
interactions or regulate catalytic activity.
Alternatively spliced forms of Src, which contain 6- or
11-amino acid insertions in the SH3 domain, are
expressed in CNS neurons. c-Src has a unique N-terminal
domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain
and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the
family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 33.5 bits (76), Expect = 0.002
Identities = 27/81 (33%), Positives = 37/81 (45%), Gaps = 11/81 (13%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKED--GLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFES-------KVEHYRV-K 50
W+ GKI+R +E LL E+ G FLVRES + C+ V+HY++ K
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKITRRESERLLLNAENPRGTFLVRESETTKGAY-CLSVSDFDNAKGLNVKHYKIRK 63
Query: 51 YKEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I F +L QLV
Sbjct: 64 LDSGGFYITSRTQFNSLQQLV 84
>gnl|CDD|198252 cd10389, SH2_SHB, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2
domain-containing adapter protein B (SHB). SHB
functions in generating signaling compounds in response
to tyrosine kinase activation. SHB contains
proline-rich motifs, a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB)
domain, tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and a SH2
domain. SHB mediates certain aspects of
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-,
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-, neural growth
factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T cell receptor-,
interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and focal adhesion
kinase- (FAK) signaling. SRC-like FYN-Related Kinase
FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK) and SHB regulate
apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. SHB
promotes apoptosis and is also required for proper
mitogenicity, spreading and tubular morphogenesis in
endothelial cells. SHB also plays a role in preventing
early cavitation of embryoid bodies and reduces
differentiation to cells expressing albumin, amylase,
insulin and glucagon. SHB is a multifunctional protein
that has difference responses in different cells under
various conditions. In general SH2 domains are involved
in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 97
Score = 33.1 bits (75), Expect = 0.002
Identities = 15/35 (42%), Positives = 21/35 (60%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF 35
W+HG ISR AE+LL ++ +LVR S D+
Sbjct: 3 WYHGAISRGDAENLLRLCKECSYLVRNSQTSKHDY 37
>gnl|CDD|198250 cd10387, SH2_SOCS6, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2
domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first
recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS)
domain proteins comprising eight family members in
human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2
domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain
and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS
proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The
prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been
shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and
in a classic negative feedback response compete for
binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and
receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and
target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation.
Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine
signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic,
autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain
cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their
conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that
associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS
SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase
components. These show limited cytokine induction. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 100
Score = 33.3 bits (76), Expect = 0.002
Identities = 15/30 (50%), Positives = 20/30 (66%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTN 30
W+ G I+R AE LA DG FLVR+S++
Sbjct: 12 WYWGPITRWEAEGKLANVPDGSFLVRDSSD 41
>gnl|CDD|198213 cd10350, SH2_SH2D4A, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2
domain containing protein 4A (SH2D4A). SH2D4A contains
a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 103
Score = 33.4 bits (76), Expect = 0.002
Identities = 14/47 (29%), Positives = 21/47 (44%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEHY 47
WFHG ++ + A LL G FL+R S + E +H+
Sbjct: 9 WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTMPGSFLIRVSEKIKGYALSYLSEEGCKHF 55
>gnl|CDD|198270 cd10407, SH2_Vav3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav3
proteins. Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl
family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for
the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are
activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their
activation. There are three Vav mammalian family
members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic
system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously
expressed. Vav3 preferentially activates RhoA, RhoG
and, to a lesser extent, Rac1. Alternatively spliced
transcript variants encoding different isoforms have
been described for this gene. VAV3 has been shown to
interact with Grb2. Vav proteins are involved in
several processes that require cytoskeletal
reorganization, such as the formation of the
immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet
aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs
function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)
for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members
have several conserved motifs/domains including: a
leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin
homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology
(DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a
cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich
region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho
GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3
domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich
helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved
in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins
and it may function as a negative regulator by forming
inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually
involved in the association with filamentous actin, but
in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization,
and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are
involved in protein-protein interactions and contain
regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP
exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in
involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins,
lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues.
The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins
to specific sites within the cell interacting with
protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain
mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine
phosphorylated proteins. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 103
Score = 33.1 bits (75), Expect = 0.003
Identities = 17/72 (23%), Positives = 39/72 (54%), Gaps = 1/72 (1%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTID 59
W+ G + R AE+ L + + +LVR T ++ + + + ++V+H ++ ++ I
Sbjct: 7 WYAGAMERLQAETELINRVNSTYLVRHRTKESGEYAISIKYNNEVKHIKILTRDGFFHIA 66
Query: 60 DEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ F++L +LV
Sbjct: 67 ENRKFKSLMELV 78
>gnl|CDD|198272 cd10409, SH2_Nck2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck. Nck
proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton
dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to
tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling
intermediates. There are two members known in this
family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth
factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are
characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal
SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as
determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor
tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated
proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they
also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling
proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1)
all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of
PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds
to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection
process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).
Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and
activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin
polymerization resulting in the production of
pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of
the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the
vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections
are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been
shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind
the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting
protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 98
Score = 32.7 bits (74), Expect = 0.003
Identities = 19/65 (29%), Positives = 35/65 (53%), Gaps = 2/65 (3%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKE-DGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
W++G ++R AE L + +G FL+R+S + P DF + + K +H++V+ + I
Sbjct: 3 WYYGNVTRHQAECALNERGVEGDFLIRDSESSPSDFSVSLKAVGKNKHFKVQLVDNVYCI 62
Query: 59 DDEEF 63
F
Sbjct: 63 GQRRF 67
>gnl|CDD|198202 cd10339, SH2_RIN_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras
and Rab interactor (RIN)-family. The RIN (AKA Ras
interaction/interference) family is composed of RIN1,
RIN2 and RIN3. These proteins have multifunctional
domains including SH2 and proline-rich (PR) domains in
the N-terminal region, and RIN-family homology (RH),
VPS9 and Ras-association (RA) domains in the C-terminal
region. RIN proteins function as Rab5-GEFs, and RIN3
specifically functions as a Rab31-GEF. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 32.5 bits (74), Expect = 0.004
Identities = 16/77 (20%), Positives = 33/77 (42%), Gaps = 6/77 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESK-----VEHYRVKYKEAH 55
W +++ A +L + G FLVR+S +C+ V + +K
Sbjct: 12 WLQLQLNAAEAAHMLQTEPPGTFLVRKSNTRQCQVLCMRLPEASGPAFVSEHYIKESPGG 71
Query: 56 LTIDDEEF-FENLAQLV 71
++++ E F +L +L+
Sbjct: 72 VSLEGSELMFPDLFRLI 88
>gnl|CDD|198273 cd10410, SH2_SH2B1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B
adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3). SH2B1 (SH2-B,
PSM), like other members of the SH2B adapter protein
family, contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least
one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain
which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of
tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in
signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone
receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the
insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I),
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth
factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth
factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is
an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2
(SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling
and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 97
Score = 31.9 bits (72), Expect = 0.006
Identities = 20/57 (35%), Positives = 29/57 (50%), Gaps = 4/57 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL---APKEDGLFLVRES-TNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKE 53
WFHG +SR A L+ G+FLVR+S T + + F+ K +H R+ E
Sbjct: 10 WFHGMLSRLKAAQLVLEGGTGSHGVFLVRQSETRRGEYVLTFNFQGKAKHLRLSLNE 66
>gnl|CDD|198261 cd10398, SH2_Tec_Txk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec
protein, Txk. A member of the Tec protein tyrosine
kinase Txk is expressed in thymus, spleen, lymph node,
T lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cell lines, and myeloid
cell line. Txk plays a role in TCR signal transduction,
T cell development, and selection which is analogous to
the function of Itk. Txk has been shown to interact
with IFN-gamma. Unlike most of the Tec family members
Txk lacks a PH domain. Instead Txk has a unique region
containing a palmitoylated cysteine string which has a
similar membrane tethering function as the PH domain.
Txk also has a zinc-binding motif, a SH3 domain, a SH2
domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain. The TH
domain consists of a Zn2+-binding Btk motif and a
proline-rich region. The Btk motif is found in Tec
kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP and crucial to the function
of the PH domain. It is not present in Txk which is not
surprising since it lacks a PH domain. The type 1
splice form of the Drosophila homolog also lacks both
the PH domain and the Btk motif. The proline-rich
regions are highly conserved for the most part with the
exception of Bmx whose residues surrounding the PXXP
motif are not conserved (TH-like) and Btk29A which is
entirely unique with large numbers of glycine residues
(TH-extended). Tec family members all lack a
C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory function
in its phosphorylated state. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 106
Score = 31.8 bits (72), Expect = 0.009
Identities = 17/57 (29%), Positives = 32/57 (56%), Gaps = 7/57 (12%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPK-EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESK------VEHYRVK 50
W+H I+R AE LL + ++G F+VR+S + + V ++ ++HY++K
Sbjct: 8 WYHKNITRNQAERLLRQESKEGAFIVRDSRHLGSYTISVFTRARRSTEASIKHYQIK 64
>gnl|CDD|198230 cd10367, SH2_Src_Fgr, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene
homolog, Fgr. Fgr is a member of the Src non-receptor
type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The protein
contains N-terminal sites for myristoylation and
palmitoylation, a PTK domain, and SH2 and SH3 domains
which are involved in mediating protein-protein
interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and
proline-rich motifs, respectively. Fgr is expressed in
B-cells and myeloid cells, localizes to plasma membrane
ruffles, and functions as a negative regulator of cell
migration and adhesion triggered by the beta-2 integrin
signal transduction pathway. Multiple alternatively
spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been
identified Fgr has been shown to interact with
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Fgr has a unique
N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a
kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other
members of the family. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 101
Score = 31.0 bits (70), Expect = 0.013
Identities = 16/30 (53%), Positives = 20/30 (66%), Gaps = 2/30 (6%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAE-SLLAP-KEDGLFLVRES 28
W+ GKI R+ AE LL+P G FL+RES
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKIGRKDAERQLLSPGNPRGAFLIRES 34
>gnl|CDD|198208 cd10345, SH2_C-SH2_Zap70_Syk_like, C-terminal Src homology 2
(SH2) domain found in Zeta-chain-associated protein
kinase 70 (ZAP-70) and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)
proteins. ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of
hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases
(PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody
receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural
killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast
cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets,
macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required
for the proper development of T and B cells, immune
receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two
N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a
C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains
by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both
tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor
Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus
sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs
is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk
with the receptor subunits and for receptor function.
ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one
of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two
SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding
site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function
independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk
display flexibility in their relative orientation,
allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of
spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and
singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This
model contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of both Syk
and Zap70. In general SH2 domains are involved in
signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 95
Score = 30.8 bits (69), Expect = 0.018
Identities = 30/74 (40%), Positives = 43/74 (58%), Gaps = 3/74 (4%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL--APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEA-HLT 57
WFHGKISRE +E ++ K +G FL+R N +C+ E KV HYR+ + L+
Sbjct: 2 WFHGKISREESEQIVLIGSKTNGKFLIRARDNNGSYALCLLHEGKVLHYRIDKDKTGKLS 61
Query: 58 IDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I + + F+ L QLV
Sbjct: 62 IPEGKKFDTLWQLV 75
>gnl|CDD|198285 cd10718, SH2_CIS, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS). CIS
family members are known to be cytokine-inducible
negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The
expression of the CIS gene can be induced by IL2, IL3,
GM-CSF and EPO in hematopoietic cells.
Proteasome-mediated degradation of this protein has
been shown to be involved in the inactivation of the
erythropoietin receptor. Suppressor of cytokine
signalling (SOCS) was first recognized as a group of
cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising
eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7).
In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a
variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in
the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a
substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical
members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to
regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a
classic negative feedback response compete for binding
at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor
pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound
receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS
activity results in excessive cytokine signaling
associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune,
and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 88
Score = 29.7 bits (67), Expect = 0.034
Identities = 11/29 (37%), Positives = 16/29 (55%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVREST 29
W+ G I+ A L +G FLVR+S+
Sbjct: 6 WYWGSITASEAHQALQKAPEGTFLVRDSS 34
>gnl|CDD|198229 cd10366, SH2_Src_Yes, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Yes.
Yes is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine
kinase family of proteins. Yes is the cellular homolog
of the Yamaguchi sarcoma virus oncogene. In humans it
is encoded by the YES1 gene which maps to chromosome 18
and is in close proximity to thymidylate synthase. A
corresponding Yes pseudogene has been found on
chromosome 22. YES1 has been shown to interact with
Janus kinase 2, CTNND1,RPL10, and Occludin. Yes1 has a
unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain,
a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other
members of the family. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 101
Score = 30.0 bits (67), Expect = 0.042
Identities = 24/80 (30%), Positives = 36/80 (45%), Gaps = 9/80 (11%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLL--APKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFE------SKVEHYRV-KY 51
W+ GK+ R+ AE LL + G+FLVRES + + V+HY++ K
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKMGRKDAERLLLNPGNQRGIFLVRESETTKGAYSLSIRDWDEVRGDNVKHYKIRKL 64
Query: 52 KEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I F+ L +LV
Sbjct: 65 DNGGYYITTRAQFDTLQKLV 84
>gnl|CDD|198222 cd10359, SH2_SH3BP2, Src homology 2 domain found in c-Abl SH3
domain-binding protein-2 (SH3BP2). The adaptor protein
3BP2/SH3BP2 plays a regulatory role in signaling from
immunoreceptors. The protein-tyrosine kinase Syk
phosphorylates 3BP2 which results in the activation of
Rac1 through the interaction with the SH2 domain of
Vav1 and induces the binding to the SH2 domain of the
upstream protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn and enhances its
kinase activity. 3BP2 has a positive regulatory role in
IgE-mediated mast cell activation. In lymphocytes,
engagement of T cell or B cell receptors triggers
tyrosine phosphorylation of 3BP2. Suppression of the
3BP2 expression by siRNA results in the inhibition of T
cell or B cell receptor-mediated activation of NFAT.
3BP2 is required for the proliferation of B cells and B
cell receptor signaling. Mutations in the 3BP2 gene are
responsible for cherubism resulting in excessive bone
resorption in the jaw. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 101
Score = 29.6 bits (66), Expect = 0.055
Identities = 23/73 (31%), Positives = 35/73 (47%), Gaps = 9/73 (12%)
Query: 7 SRETAESLL---APK---EDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFES--KVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
SRE E L +PK +DGL+ +R S+ + V KV +YR+ K+ +
Sbjct: 9 SRE-VERLFKATSPKGGPQDGLYCIRNSSTKGGKVLVVWDGGAEKVRNYRIFEKDCKFYL 67
Query: 59 DDEEFFENLAQLV 71
+ E F +L LV
Sbjct: 68 HEREVFSSLGSLV 80
>gnl|CDD|198207 cd10344, SH2_SLAP, Src homology 2 domain found in Src-like
adaptor proteins. SLAP belongs to the subfamily of
adapter proteins that negatively regulate cellular
signaling initiated by tyrosine kinases. It has a
myristylated N-terminus, SH3 and SH2 domains with high
homology to Src family tyrosine kinases, and a unique
C-terminal tail, which is important for c-Cbl binding.
SLAP negatively regulates platelet-derived growth
factor (PDGF)-induced mitogenesis in fibroblasts and
regulates F-actin assembly for dorsal ruffles
formation. c-Cbl mediated SLAP inhibition towards actin
remodeling. Moreover, SLAP enhanced PDGF-induced c-Cbl
phosphorylation by SFK. In contrast, SLAP mitogenic
inhibition was not mediated by c-Cbl, but it rather
involved a competitive mechanism with SFK for
PDGF-receptor (PDGFR) association and mitogenic
signaling. Accordingly, phosphorylation of the Src
mitogenic substrates Stat3 and Shc were reduced by
SLAP. Thus, we concluded that SLAP regulates PDGFR
signaling by two independent mechanisms: a competitive
mechanism for PDGF-induced Src mitogenic signaling and
a non-competitive mechanism for dorsal ruffles
formation mediated by c-Cbl. SLAP is a hematopoietic
adaptor containing Src homology (SH)3 and SH2 motifs
and a unique carboxy terminus. Unlike c-Src, SLAP lacks
a tyrosine kinase domain. Unlike c-Src, SLAP does not
impact resorptive function of mature osteoclasts but
induces their early apoptosis. SLAP negatively
regulates differentiation of osteoclasts and
proliferation of their precursors. Conversely, SLAP
decreases osteoclast death by inhibiting activation of
caspase 3. In general SH2 domains are involved in
signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 104
Score = 29.4 bits (66), Expect = 0.056
Identities = 19/57 (33%), Positives = 26/57 (45%), Gaps = 8/57 (14%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLA--PKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDF-MCV-----CFESKVEHYRV 49
W +SRE AE LL + G FL+RES + + V V+HYR+
Sbjct: 12 WLFEGLSREKAEELLMLPGNQVGSFLIRESETRRGCYSLSVRHRGSQSRDSVKHYRI 68
>gnl|CDD|198175 cd09919, SH2_STAT_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)
family. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of
cytokines and a number of growth factors from the
receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to
the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically
phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases,
receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine
kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by
reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the
phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs
translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA
sequences, and regulate the transcription of their
target genes. However there are a number of
unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the
cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as
dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological
functions independent of being activated by a receptor.
There are seven mammalian STAT family members which
have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5
(STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved
domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil
domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical
linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation
domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of
unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the
tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5
on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding
sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions
with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding
protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for
nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving
tyrosine de-phosphorylation. The CCD interacts with
other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9
(IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also
thought to participate in the negative regulation of
these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via
their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in
nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3
phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD
links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important
for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response
to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein
interactions and has also been implicated in the
constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of
unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2
domain is necessary for receptor association and
tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this
domain may be particularly important for some cellular
functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues
adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with
several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance
complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and
CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory
phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and
is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of
target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in
the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via
interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of
the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by
tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import
and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in
the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional
activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2
domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding
domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT
proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 115
Score = 29.1 bits (66), Expect = 0.091
Identities = 14/25 (56%), Positives = 16/25 (64%)
Query: 4 GKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
G IS+E AE LL K G FL+R S
Sbjct: 24 GFISKEEAEDLLKKKPPGTFLLRFS 48
>gnl|CDD|198281 cd10418, SH2_Src_Fyn_isoform_a_like, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in Fyn isoform a like proteins. Fyn is a member
of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of
proteins. This cd contains the SH2 domain found in Fyn
isoform a type proteins. Fyn is involved in the
control of cell growth and is required in the following
pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling,
integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine
receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel
function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization,
entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural
killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The
protein associates with the p85 subunit of
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the
Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript
variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is
primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the
plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target
proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target
protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on
the target protein that recruits other signaling
molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number
of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase,
nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal
domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain
and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the
family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 28.4 bits (63), Expect = 0.13
Identities = 24/80 (30%), Positives = 34/80 (42%), Gaps = 9/80 (11%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKED--GLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFE------SKVEHYRV-KY 51
W+ GK+ R+ AE L + G FL+RES + + V+HY++ K
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKLGRKDAERQLLSFGNPRGTFLIRESETTKGAYSLSIRDWDDMKGDHVKHYKIRKL 64
Query: 52 KEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I FE L QLV
Sbjct: 65 DNGGYYITTRAQFETLQQLV 84
>gnl|CDD|198282 cd10419, SH2_Src_Fyn_isoform_b_like, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in Fyn isoform b like proteins. Fyn is a member
of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of
proteins. This cd contains the SH2 domain found in Fyn
isoform b type proteins. Fyn is involved in the control
of cell growth and is required in the following
pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling,
integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine
receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel
function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization,
entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural
killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The
protein associates with the p85 subunit of
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the
Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript
variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is
primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the
plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target
proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target
protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on
the target protein that recruits other signaling
molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number
of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase,
nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal
domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain
and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the
family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 28.1 bits (62), Expect = 0.21
Identities = 24/80 (30%), Positives = 33/80 (41%), Gaps = 9/80 (11%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAP--KEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFE------SKVEHYRV-KY 51
W+ GK+ R+ AE L G FL+RES + + V+HY++ K
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKLGRKDAERQLLSFGNPRGTFLIRESETTKGAYSLSIRDWDDMKGDHVKHYKIRKL 64
Query: 52 KEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I FE L QLV
Sbjct: 65 DNGGYYITTRAQFETLQQLV 84
>gnl|CDD|198231 cd10368, SH2_Src_Fyn, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn.
Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine
kinase family of proteins. Fyn is involved in the
control of cell growth and is required in the following
pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling,
integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine
receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel
function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization,
entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural
killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The
protein associates with the p85 subunit of
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the
Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript
variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is
primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the
plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target
proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target
protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on
the target protein that recruits other signaling
molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number
of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase,
nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal
domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain
and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the
family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 28.1 bits (62), Expect = 0.22
Identities = 24/80 (30%), Positives = 33/80 (41%), Gaps = 9/80 (11%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAP--KEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFE------SKVEHYRV-KY 51
W+ GK+ R+ AE L G FL+RES + + V+HY++ K
Sbjct: 5 WYFGKLGRKDAERQLLSFGNPRGTFLIRESETTKGAYSLSIRDWDDMKGDHVKHYKIRKL 64
Query: 52 KEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQLV 71
I FE L QLV
Sbjct: 65 DNGGYYITTRAQFETLQQLV 84
>gnl|CDD|187656 cd08953, KR_2_SDR_x, ketoreductase (KR), subgroup 2, complex (x)
SDRs. Ketoreductase, a module of the multidomain
polyketide synthase (PKS), has 2 subdomains, each
corresponding to a SDR family monomer. The C-terminal
subdomain catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the
beta-carbonyl of a polyketide to a hydroxyl group, a
step in the biosynthesis of polyketides, such as
erythromycin. The N-terminal subdomain, an interdomain
linker, is a truncated Rossmann fold which acts to
stabilizes the catalytic subdomain. Unlike typical SDRs,
the isolated domain does not oligomerize but is composed
of 2 subdomains, each resembling an SDR monomer. The
active site resembles that of typical SDRs, except that
the usual positions of the catalytic Asn and Tyr are
swapped, so that the canonical YXXXK motif changes to
YXXXN. Modular PKSs are multifunctional structures in
which the makeup recapitulates that found in (and may
have evolved from) FAS. Polyketide synthesis also
proceeds via the addition of 2-carbon units as in fatty
acid synthesis. The complex SDR NADP-binding motif,
GGXGXXG, is often present, but is not strictly conserved
in each instance of the module. This subfamily includes
both KR domains of the Bacillus subtilis Pks J,-L, and
PksM, and all three KR domains of PksN, components of
the megacomplex bacillaene synthase, which synthesizes
the antibiotic bacillaene. SDRs are a functionally
diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single
domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold
(alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet),
an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse
C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about
250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately
350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR
enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the
enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and
characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence
patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of
activities including the metabolism of steroids,
cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds,
and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical
SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a
YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the
active site motif serving as a critical catalytic
residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase
(PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there
is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering)
and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to
the active site; while substrate binding is in the
C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The
standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride
transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr
and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and
nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in
the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG
cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such
as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a
GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site
motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G
NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost
catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding
motif and missing or unusual active site residues.
Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include
isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond
reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation,
Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol
oxidoreduction.
Length = 436
Score = 28.1 bits (63), Expect = 0.32
Identities = 17/41 (41%), Positives = 23/41 (56%), Gaps = 5/41 (12%)
Query: 6 ISRETAESL---LAPKEDGLF-LVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFES 42
++++TAE LAPK DGL L + + P DF V F S
Sbjct: 304 LAQKTAEDFEAVLAPKVDGLLNLAQALADEPLDF-FVLFSS 343
>gnl|CDD|198258 cd10395, SH2_RIN3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras and
Rab interactor 3 (RIN3)-like proteins. RIN3, a member
of the RIN (AKA Ras interaction/interference) family,
have multifunctional domains including SH2 and
proline-rich (PR) domains in the N-terminal region, and
RIN-family homology (RH), VPS9 and Ras-association (RA)
domains in the C-terminal region. RIN proteins function
as Rab5-GEFs. RIN3 stimulated the formation of
GTP-bound Rab31, a Rab5-subfamily GTPase, and formed
enlarged vesicles and tubular structures, where it
colocalized with Rab31. Transferrin appeared to be
transported partly through the RIN3-positive vesicles
to early endosomes. RIN3 interacts via its Pro-rich
domain with amphiphysin II, which contains SH3 domain
and participates in receptor-mediated endocytosis.
RIN3, a Rab5 and Rab31 GEF, plays an important role in
the transport pathway from plasma membrane to early
endosomes. Mutations in the region between the SH2 and
RH domain of RIN3 specifically abolished its GEF action
on Rab31, but not Rab5. RIN3 was also found to
partially translocate the cation-dependent mannose
6-phosphate receptor from the trans-Golgi network to
peripheral vesicles and that this is dependent on its
Rab31-GEF activity. These data indicate that RIN3
specifically acts as a GEF for Rab31. In general SH2
domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 26.7 bits (59), Expect = 0.56
Identities = 21/77 (27%), Positives = 39/77 (50%), Gaps = 6/77 (7%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFESK-----VEHYRVKYKEAH 55
W +++ A +L + G+FLVR +N Q +CV F S V Y +K +++
Sbjct: 12 WLQLGMNQAEAARILHKEVAGMFLVRRDSNSKQMVLCVHFPSNESSAEVLEYPIKEEKSI 71
Query: 56 LTIDDEEF-FENLAQLV 71
L ++ FE++ +L+
Sbjct: 72 LYLEGSVLVFEDIFKLI 88
>gnl|CDD|198237 cd10374, SH2_STAT3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal
transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3
proteins. STAT3 encoded by this gene is a member of
the STAT protein family. STAT3 mediates the expression
of a variety of genes in response to cell stimuli, and
plays a key role in many cellular processes such as
cell growth and apoptosis. The small GTPase Rac1
regulates the activity of STAT3 and PIAS3 inhibits it.
Three alternatively spliced transcript variants
encoding distinct isoforms have been described. STAT 3
activation is required for self-renewal of embryonic
stem cells (ESCs) and is essential for the
differentiation of the TH17 helper T cells. Mutations
in the STAT3 gene result in Hyperimmunoglobulin E
syndrome and human cancers. STAT3 has been shown to
interact with Androgen receptor, C-jun, ELP2, EP300,
Epidermal growth factor receptor, Glucocorticoid
receptor, HIF1A, Janus kinase 1, KHDRBS1, Mammalian
target of rapamycin, MyoD, NDUFA13, NFKB1, Nuclear
receptor coactivator 1, Promyelocytic leukemia protein,
RAC1, RELA, RET proto-oncogene, RPA2, Src, STAT1, and
TRIP10. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of
cytokines and a number of growth factors from the
receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to
the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated
by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine
kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The
phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal
binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine
residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the
nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate
the transcription of their target genes. However there
are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel
between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that
exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert
biological functions independent of being activated.
There are seven mammalian STAT family members which
have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5
(STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved
domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil
domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical
linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation
domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of
unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the
tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5
on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding
sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions
with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding
protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for
nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving
tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other
proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48)
with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to
participate in the negative regulation of these
proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their
DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear
translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3
phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD
links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important
for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response
to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein
interactions and has also been implicated in the
constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of
unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain
is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine
phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may
be particularly important for some cellular functions
mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to
this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins,
namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5
(MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also
contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that
regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal
transcription of a number of target genes. The
conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is
crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2
domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the
receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation
also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA
binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of
responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of
STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a
coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a
transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 162
Score = 26.5 bits (58), Expect = 0.90
Identities = 11/25 (44%), Positives = 16/25 (64%)
Query: 4 GKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
G IS+E ++L+ K G FL+R S
Sbjct: 34 GFISKERERAILSTKPPGTFLLRFS 58
>gnl|CDD|198259 cd10396, SH2_Tec_Itk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec
protein, IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk). A member
of the Tec protein tyrosine kinase Itk is expressed
thymus, spleen, lymph node, T lymphocytes, NK and mast
cells. It plays a role in T-cell proliferation and
differentiation, analogous to Tec family kinases Txk.
Itk has been shown to interact with Fyn,
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, KHDRBS1, PLCG1,
Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Linker of activated T
cells, Karyopherin alpha 2, Grb2, and Peptidylprolyl
isomerase A. Most of the Tec family members have a PH
domain (Txk and the short (type 1) splice variant of
Drosophila Btk29A are exceptions), a Tec homology (TH)
domain, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a protein
kinase catalytic domain. The TH domain consists of a
Zn2+-binding Btk motif and a proline-rich region. The
Btk motif is found in Tec kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP.
It is crucial for the function of Tec PH domains and
it's lack of presence in Txk is not surprising since it
lacks a PH domain. The type 1 splice form of the
Drosophila homolog also lacks both the PH domain and
the Btk motif. The proline-rich regions are highly
conserved for the most part with the exception of Bmx
whose residues surrounding the PXXP motif are not
conserved (TH-like) and Btk29A which is entirely
unique with large numbers of glycine residues
(TH-extended). Tec family members all lack a
C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory function
in its phosphorylated state. In general SH2 domains are
involved in signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 108
Score = 26.3 bits (58), Expect = 1.1
Identities = 13/32 (40%), Positives = 19/32 (59%), Gaps = 3/32 (9%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKED--GLFLVRESTN 30
W++ I+R AE LL E G F+VR+S+
Sbjct: 8 WYNKNINRSKAEKLLR-DEGKEGGFMVRDSSQ 38
>gnl|CDD|187658 cd08955, KR_2_FAS_SDR_x, beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain of
fatty acid synthase (FAS), subgroup 2, complex (x).
Ketoreductase, a module of the multidomain polyketide
synthase, has 2 subdomains, each corresponding to a
short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase (SDR) family
monomer. The C-terminal subdomain catalyzes the
NADPH-dependent reduction of the beta-carbonyl of a
polyketide to a hydroxyl group, a step in the
biosynthesis of polyketides, such as erythromycin. The
N-terminal subdomain, an interdomain linker, is a
truncated Rossmann fold which acts to stabilizes the
catalytic subdomain. Unlike typical SDRs, the isolated
domain does not oligomerizes but is composed of 2
subdomains, each resembling an SDR monomer. In some
instances, as in porcine FAS, an enoyl reductase (a
Rossman fold NAD binding domain of the MDR family)
module is inserted between the sub-domains. The active
site resembles that of typical SDRs, except that the
usual positions of the catalytic asparagine and tyrosine
are swapped, so that the canonical YXXXK motif changes
to YXXXN. Modular polyketide synthases are
multifunctional structures in which the makeup
recapitulates that found in (and may have evolved from)
fatty acid synthase. In some instances, such as
porcine FAS , an enoyl reductase module is inserted
between the sub-domains. Fatty acid synthesis occurs via
the stepwise elongation of a chain (which is attached to
acyl carrier protein, ACP) with 2-carbon units.
Eukaryotic systems consists of large, multifunctional
synthases (type I) while bacterial, type II systems, use
single function proteins. Fungal fatty acid synthesis
uses dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. In
mammalian type FAS cycles, ketoacyl synthase forms
acetoacetyl-ACP which is reduced by the NADP-dependent
beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR), forming
beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP, which is in turn dehydrated by
dehydratase to a beta-enoyl intermediate, which is
reduced by NADP-dependent beta-enoyl reductase (ER).
Polyketide syntheses also proceeds via the addition of
2-carbon units as in fatty acid synthesis. The complex
SDR NADP binding motif, GGXGXXG, is often present, but
is not strictly conserved in each instance of the
module. This subfamily includes the KR domain of the
Lyngbya majuscule Jam J, -K, and #L which are encoded
on the jam gene cluster and are involved in the
synthesis of the Jamaicamides (neurotoxins); Lyngbya
majuscule Jam P belongs to a different KR_FAS_SDR_x
subfamily. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of
oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a
structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding
pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding
region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region.
Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long,
while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues.
Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are
typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the
Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic
NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These
enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including
the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates,
lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in
redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG
cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif,
with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as
a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human
prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In
addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream
Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107,
PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while
substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which
determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism
is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving
the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized
by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional
elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a
TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain)
SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid
synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an
altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have
a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs
have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual
NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site
residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family
include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization,
C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity,
dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and
carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.
Length = 376
Score = 26.5 bits (59), Expect = 1.3
Identities = 13/38 (34%), Positives = 18/38 (47%), Gaps = 2/38 (5%)
Query: 6 ISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVREST-NFPQDFMCVCFES 42
E +LAPK G + + + T + P DF V F S
Sbjct: 248 QDWERFRKVLAPKVQGAWNLHQLTQDLPLDFF-VLFSS 284
>gnl|CDD|198266 cd10403, SH2_STAP1, Src homology 2 domain found in
Signal-transducing adaptor protein 1 (STAP1). STAP1 is
a signal-transducing adaptor protein. It is composed of
a Pleckstrin homology (PH) and SH2 domains along with
several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. STAP-1 is an
ortholog of BRDG1 (BCR downstream signaling 1). STAP1
protein functions as a docking protein acting
downstream of Tec tyrosine kinase in B cell antigen
receptor signaling. The protein is phosphorylated by
Tec and participates in a positive feedback loop,
increasing Tec activity. STAP1 has been shown to
interact with C19orf2, an unconventional prefoldin RPB5
interactor. In general SH2 domains are involved in
signal transduction. They typically bind
pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr
and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with
SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated
sites.
Length = 94
Score = 25.8 bits (57), Expect = 1.3
Identities = 19/64 (29%), Positives = 31/64 (48%), Gaps = 5/64 (7%)
Query: 2 FHGKISRETAESLLAP-KEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFE---SKVEHYRVKYKEAHLT 57
F+ K+SR+ AE LL G L+R ++ + E +++HYRV + T
Sbjct: 4 FY-KVSRKEAEELLERNPSCGNMLLRPGSDSSNYSITTRQEINKPRIKHYRVMSRGQGYT 62
Query: 58 IDDE 61
I+ E
Sbjct: 63 IELE 66
>gnl|CDD|198246 cd10383, SH2_SOCS2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2
domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first
recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS)
domain proteins comprising eight family members in
human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2
domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain
and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS
proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The
prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been
shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and
in a classic negative feedback response compete for
binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and
receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and
target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation.
Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine
signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic,
autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain
cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their
conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that
associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS
SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase
components. These show limited cytokine induction. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 103
Score = 25.6 bits (56), Expect = 1.9
Identities = 15/62 (24%), Positives = 32/62 (51%), Gaps = 5/62 (8%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFM---CVCFESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLT 57
W+ G ++ A+ L +G FLVR+S++ D++ V + + R++Y++
Sbjct: 9 WYWGSMTVNEAKEKLQDAPEGTFLVRDSSH--SDYLLTISVKTSAGPTNLRIEYQDGKFR 66
Query: 58 ID 59
+D
Sbjct: 67 LD 68
>gnl|CDD|198201 cd10338, SH2_SHA, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2
adaptor proteins A (SHA) Signal transducers. Signal
transducing adaptor proteins are accessory to main
proteins in a signal transduction pathway. These
proteins lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, but mediate
specific protein-protein interactions that drive the
formation of protein complexes. Adaptor proteins
usually contain several domains within their structure
(e.g. SH2 and SH3 domains) which allow specific
interactions with several other specific proteins. Not
much is known about the SHA protein except that it is
predicted to act as a transcription factor. Arabidopsis
SHA pulled down a 120-kD tyrosine-phosphorylated
protein in vitro. In addition to the SH2 domain there
is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a
transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general
SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They
typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface
pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket,
allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to
tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 106
Score = 25.3 bits (55), Expect = 2.0
Identities = 12/32 (37%), Positives = 17/32 (53%), Gaps = 4/32 (12%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFP 32
W G I++E AE L + G F++R FP
Sbjct: 12 WIEGFITKEEAERSLQGQVPGTFILR----FP 39
>gnl|CDD|198256 cd10393, SH2_RIN1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras and
Rab interactor 1 (RIN1)-like proteins. RIN1, a member
of the RIN (AKA Ras interaction/interference) family,
have multifunctional domains including SH2 and
proline-rich (PR) domains in the N-terminal region, and
RIN-family homology (RH), VPS9 and Ras-association (RA)
domains in the C-terminal region. RIN proteins function
as Rab5-GEFs. Previous studies showed that RIN1
interacts with EGF receptors via its SH2 domain and
regulates trafficking and degradation of EGF receptors
via its interaction with STAM, indicating a vital role
for RIN1 in regulating endosomal trafficking of
receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RIN1 was first
identified as a Ras-binding protein that suppresses the
activated RAS2 allele in S. cerevisiae. RIN1 binds to
the activated Ras through its carboxyl-terminal domain
and this Ras-binding domain also binds to 14-3-3
proteins as Raf-1 does. The SH2 domain of RIN1 are
thought to interact with the phosphotyrosine-containing
proteins, but the physiological partners for this
domain are unknown. The proline-rich domain in RIN1 is
similar to the consensus SH3 binding regions. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 25.2 bits (55), Expect = 2.1
Identities = 11/38 (28%), Positives = 17/38 (44%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFMCV 38
W + + A +L + G FLVR+S +CV
Sbjct: 12 WLQLRANAAAALHVLRTEPPGTFLVRKSNTRQCQALCV 49
>gnl|CDD|240276 PTZ00115, PTZ00115, 40S ribosomal protein S12; Provisional.
Length = 290
Score = 25.2 bits (55), Expect = 3.2
Identities = 9/25 (36%), Positives = 12/25 (48%), Gaps = 2/25 (8%)
Query: 41 ESKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI--DDEEF 63
E K + + E H+TI D E F
Sbjct: 219 EEKKKKRLERKNEKHITIKKDRELF 243
>gnl|CDD|176883 cd08874, START_STARD9-like, C-terminal START domain of mammalian
STARD9, and related domains; lipid binding. This
subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory
protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of
mammalian STARD9 (also known as KIAA1300), and related
domains. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC
(START/RHO_alpha_C /PITP /Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain
superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands.
SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding
pocket. Some members of this subfamily have N-terminal
kinesin motor domains. STARD9 interacts with
supervillin, a protein important for efficient
cytokinesis, perhaps playing a role in coordinating
microtubule motors with actin and myosin II functions at
membranes. The human gene encoding STARD9 lies within a
target region for LGMD2A, an autosomal recessive form of
limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.
Length = 205
Score = 24.9 bits (54), Expect = 3.6
Identities = 7/18 (38%), Positives = 10/18 (55%)
Query: 32 PQDFMCVCFESKVEHYRV 49
P+DF C+ E+K V
Sbjct: 107 PRDFCCLQVEAKEGELSV 124
>gnl|CDD|218181 pfam04621, ETS_PEA3_N, PEA3 subfamily ETS-domain transcription
factor N terminal domain. The N terminus of the PEA3
transcription factors is implicated in transactivation
and in inhibition of DNA binding. Transactivation is
potentiated by activation of the Ras/MAP kinase and
protein kinase A signalling cascades. The N terminal
region contains conserved MAP kinase phosphorylation
sites.
Length = 336
Score = 24.8 bits (54), Expect = 4.1
Identities = 9/21 (42%), Positives = 14/21 (66%)
Query: 50 KYKEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQL 70
K+ + L D EE F++L+QL
Sbjct: 33 KFVDTELAQDSEELFQDLSQL 53
>gnl|CDD|198238 cd10375, SH2_STAT4, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal
transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)
4proteins. STAT4 mediate signals from the IL-12
receptors. STAT4 is mainly phosphorylated by
IL-12-mediated signaling pathway in T cells. STAT4
expression is restricted in myeloid cells, thymus and
testis. L-12 is the major cytokine that can activate
STAT4, resulting in its tyrosine phosphorylation. The
IL-12 receptor has two chains, termed IL-12R 1 and
IL-12R 2, and ligand binding results in heterodimer
formation and activation of the receptor associated JAK
kinases, Jak2 and Tyk2. Phosphorylated STAT4
homo-dimerizes via its SH2 domain, and translocates
into nucleus where it can recognize traditional N3 STAT
target sequences in IL-12 responsive genes. STAT4 can
also be phosphorylated in response to IFN-gamma
stimulation through activation of Jak1 and Tyk2 in
human. IL-17 can also activate STAT4 in human monocytic
leukemia cell lines and IL-2 can induce Jak2 and Stat4
activation in NK cells but not in T cells. T helper 1
(Th1) cells produce IL-2 and IFNgamma, whereas Th2
cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13. Th1 cells are
responsible for cell-mediated/inflammatory immunity and
can enhance defenses against infectious agents and
cancer, while Th2 cells are essential for humoral
immunity and the clearance of parasitic antigens. The
most potent factors that can promote Th1 and Th2
differentiation are the cytokines IL-12 and IL-4
respectively Although STAT4 is expressed both in Th1
and Th2 cells, STAT4 can only be phosphorylated by
IL-12 which suggests that STAT4 plays an important role
in Th1 cell function or development. STAT4 activation
leads to Th1 differentiation, including the target
genes of STAT4 such as ERM, a transcription factor that
belongs to the Ets family of transcription factors. The
expression of ERM is specifically induced by IL-12 in
wild-type Th1 cells, but not in STAT4-deficient T
cells. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines
and a number of growth factors from the receptors of
these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell
nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by
receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine
kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The
phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal
binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine
residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the
nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate
the transcription of their target genes. However there
are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel
between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that
exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert
biological functions independent of being activated.
There are seven mammalian STAT family members which
have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5
(STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved
domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil
domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical
linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation
domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of
unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the
tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5
on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding
sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions
with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding
protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for
nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving
tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other
proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48)
with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to
participate in the negative regulation of these
proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their
DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear
translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3
phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD
links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important
for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response
to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein
interactions and has also been implicated in the
constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of
unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2
domain is necessary for receptor association and
tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this
domain may be particularly important for some cellular
functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues
adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with
several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance
complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and
CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory
phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and
is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of
target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in
the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via
interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of
the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by
tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import
and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in
the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional
activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2
domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding
domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT
proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 148
Score = 24.8 bits (54), Expect = 4.4
Identities = 11/25 (44%), Positives = 14/25 (56%)
Query: 4 GKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
G +S+E LL K G FL+R S
Sbjct: 24 GFVSKEKERLLLKDKMPGTFLLRFS 48
>gnl|CDD|198257 cd10394, SH2_RIN2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras and
Rab interactor 2 (RIN2)-like proteins. RIN2, a member
of the RIN (AKA Ras interaction/interference) family,
have multifunctional domains including SH2 and
proline-rich (PR) domains in the N-terminal region, and
RIN-family homology (RH), VPS9 and Ras-association (RA)
domains in the C-terminal region. RIN proteins function
as Rab5-GEFs. Ras induces activation of Rab5 through
RIN2, which is a direct downstream target of Ras and a
direct upstream regulator of Rab5. In other words it is
the binding of the GTP-bound form of Ras to the RA
domain of RIN2 that enhances the GEF activity toward
Rab5. It is thought that the RA domain negatively
regulates the Rab5 GEF activity. In steady state, RIN2
is likely to form a closed conformation by an
intramolecular interaction between the RA domain and
the Vps9p-like (Rab5 GEF) domain, negatively regulating
the Rab5 GEF activity. In the active state, the binding
of Ras to the RA domain may reduce the intramolecular
interaction and stabilize an open conformation of RIN2.
In general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 100
Score = 24.4 bits (53), Expect = 4.9
Identities = 11/29 (37%), Positives = 17/29 (58%)
Query: 1 WFHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVREST 29
W +S E A +L + G+FLVR+S+
Sbjct: 12 WLQLSLSEEEAAEVLQAQPPGIFLVRKSS 40
>gnl|CDD|224458 COG1541, PaaK, Coenzyme F390 synthetase [Coenzyme metabolism].
Length = 438
Score = 24.6 bits (54), Expect = 5.0
Identities = 12/27 (44%), Positives = 17/27 (62%)
Query: 44 VEHYRVKYKEAHLTIDDEEFFENLAQL 70
YR K+KEA + DD + E+LA+L
Sbjct: 42 SPFYRKKFKEAGVDPDDIKTLEDLAKL 68
>gnl|CDD|198248 cd10385, SH2_SOCS4, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2
domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first
recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS)
domain proteins comprising eight family members in
human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2
domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain
and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS
proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The
prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been
shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and
in a classic negative feedback response compete for
binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and
receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and
target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation.
Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine
signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic,
autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain
cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their
conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that
associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS
SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase
components. These show limited cytokine induction. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 101
Score = 23.9 bits (51), Expect = 7.1
Identities = 18/61 (29%), Positives = 33/61 (54%), Gaps = 5/61 (8%)
Query: 2 FHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRESTNFPQDFM-CVCFE--SKVEHYRVKYKEAHLTI 58
+ G + + AE+LL K +G FL+R+S +D++ V F S+ H R++ + +
Sbjct: 13 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQ--EDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSF 70
Query: 59 D 59
D
Sbjct: 71 D 71
>gnl|CDD|198249 cd10386, SH2_SOCS5, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in
suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. SH2
domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first
recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS)
domain proteins comprising eight family members in
human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2
domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain
and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS
proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The
prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been
shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and
in a classic negative feedback response compete for
binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and
receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and
target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation.
Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine
signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic,
autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain
cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their
conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that
associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS
SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase
components. These show limited cytokine induction. In
general SH2 domains are involved in signal
transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing
ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic
binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to
localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.
Length = 81
Score = 23.5 bits (50), Expect = 8.7
Identities = 12/27 (44%), Positives = 18/27 (66%)
Query: 2 FHGKISRETAESLLAPKEDGLFLVRES 28
+ G + R AE+LL K +G FL+R+S
Sbjct: 3 YWGVMDRYEAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDS 29
>gnl|CDD|226481 COG3972, COG3972, Superfamily I DNA and RNA helicases [General
function prediction only].
Length = 660
Score = 23.7 bits (51), Expect = 10.0
Identities = 9/18 (50%), Positives = 13/18 (72%)
Query: 24 LVRESTNFPQDFMCVCFE 41
L+ ES +FPQ F+ +CF
Sbjct: 300 LIDESQDFPQSFIDLCFM 317
Database: CDD.v3.10
Posted date: Mar 20, 2013 7:55 AM
Number of letters in database: 10,937,602
Number of sequences in database: 44,354
Lambda K H
0.322 0.137 0.418
Gapped
Lambda K H
0.267 0.0772 0.140
Matrix: BLOSUM62
Gap Penalties: Existence: 11, Extension: 1
Number of Sequences: 44354
Number of Hits to DB: 3,515,342
Number of extensions: 252827
Number of successful extensions: 383
Number of sequences better than 10.0: 1
Number of HSP's gapped: 342
Number of HSP's successfully gapped: 100
Length of query: 71
Length of database: 10,937,602
Length adjustment: 41
Effective length of query: 30
Effective length of database: 9,119,088
Effective search space: 273572640
Effective search space used: 273572640
Neighboring words threshold: 11
Window for multiple hits: 40
X1: 16 ( 7.4 bits)
X2: 38 (14.6 bits)
X3: 64 (24.7 bits)
S1: 41 (21.9 bits)
S2: 53 (24.1 bits)