RPS-BLAST 2.2.26 [Sep-21-2011]
Database: CDD.v3.10
44,354 sequences; 10,937,602 total letters
Searching..................................................done
Query= psy16893
(112 letters)
>gnl|CDD|173748 cd07853, STKc_NLK, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Nemo-Like Kinase. Serine/Threonine Kinases
(STKs), Nemo-Like Kinase (NLK) subfamily, catalytic (c)
domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The NLK subfamily is
part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs) are important mediators of cellular
responses to extracellular signals. NLK is an atypical
MAPK that is not regulated by a MAPK kinase. It
functions downstream of the MAPK kinase kinase Tak1,
which also plays a role in activating the JNK and p38
MAPKs. The Tak1/NLK pathways are regulated by Wnts, a
family of secreted proteins that is critical in the
control of asymmetric division and cell polarity. NLK
can phosphorylate transcription factors from the
TCF/LEF family, inhibiting their ability to activate
the transcription of target genes. In prostate cancer
cells, NLK is involved in regulating androgen
receptor-mediated transcription and its expression is
altered during cancer progression.
Length = 372
Score = 102 bits (256), Expect = 3e-27
Identities = 40/46 (86%), Positives = 44/46 (95%)
Query: 31 VKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V +VTDPRDG+RVALKK+PNVFQ+LVS KRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV
Sbjct: 16 VWSVTDPRDGKRVALKKMPNVFQNLVSCKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 61
>gnl|CDD|173737 cd07834, STKc_MAPK, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase (MAPK) subfamily, catalytic (c) domain.
STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl
group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein
substrates. The MAPK subfamily is part of a larger
superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of
other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO
kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline
kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKs serve as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They control critical cellular
functions including differentiation, proliferation,
migration, and apoptosis. They are also implicated in
the pathogenesis of many diseases including multiple
types of cancer, stroke, diabetes, and chronic
inflammation. Typical MAPK pathways involve a triple
kinase core cascade comprising of the MAPK, which is
phosphorylated and activated by a MAPK kinase (MAP2K or
MKK), which itself is phosphorylated and activated by a
MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K or MKKK). Each cascade is
activated either by a small GTP-binding protein or by
an adaptor protein, which transmits the signal either
directly to a MAP3K to start the triple kinase core
cascade or indirectly through a mediator kinase, a
MAP4K. There are three main typical MAPK subfamilies:
Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK), c-Jun
N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and p38. Some MAPKs are
atypical in that they are not regulated by MAP2Ks.
These include MAPK4, MAPK6, NLK, and ERK7.
Length = 330
Score = 70.6 bits (174), Expect = 9e-16
Identities = 21/46 (45%), Positives = 33/46 (71%)
Query: 31 VKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V + D R GR+VA+KK+ NVF L+ +KR+ RE+K+L +H+N+
Sbjct: 16 VCSAVDKRTGRKVAIKKISNVFDDLIDAKRILREIKLLRHLRHENI 61
>gnl|CDD|173749 cd07855, STKc_ERK5, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 5.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Extracellular
signal-Regulated Kinase 5 (ERK5) subfamily, catalytic
(c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The ERK5 subfamily is
part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKs are important
mediators of cellular responses to extracellular
signals. ERK5, also called Big MAPK1 (BMK1) or MAPK7,
has a unique C-terminal extension, making it
approximately twice as big as other MAPKs. This
extension contains transcriptional activation
capability which is inhibited by the N-terminal half.
ERK5 is activated in response to growth factors and
stress by a cascade that leads to its phosphorylation
by the MAP2K MEK5, which in turn is regulated by the
MAP3Ks MEKK2 and MEKK3. Activated ERK5 phosphorylates
its targets including myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2),
Sap1a, c-Myc, and RSK. It plays a role in EGF-induced
cell proliferation during the G1/S phase transition.
Studies on knockout mice revealed that ERK5 is
essential for cardiovascular development and plays an
important role in angiogenesis. It is also critical for
neural differentiation and survival. The ERK5 pathway
has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many
diseases including cancer, cardiac hypertrophy, and
atherosclerosis.
Length = 334
Score = 57.7 bits (140), Expect = 4e-11
Identities = 23/50 (46%), Positives = 34/50 (68%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+CS++ D R G++VA+KK+P+ F +KR RELK+L FKHDN+
Sbjct: 21 VCSAI----DTRSGKKVAIKKIPHAFDVPTLAKRTLRELKILRHFKHDNI 66
>gnl|CDD|143356 cd07851, STKc_p38, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), p38 subfamily,
catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The p38 subfamily is
part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. p38 kinases are
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), serving as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They function in the regulation
of the cell cycle, cell development, cell
differentiation, senescence, tumorigenesis, apoptosis,
pain development and pain progression, and immune
responses. p38 kinases are activated by the MAPK
kinases MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn are activated by
upstream MAPK kinase kinases including TAK1, ASK1, and
MLK3, in response to cellular stresses or inflammatory
cytokines. p38 substrates include other protein kinases
and factors that regulate transcription, nuclear
export, mRNA stability and translation. p38 kinases are
drug targets for the inflammatory diseases psoriasis,
rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic pulmonary disease.
Vertebrates contain four isoforms of p38, named alpha,
beta, gamma, and delta, which show varying substrate
specificity and expression patterns. p38alpha and
p38beta are ubiquitously expressed, p38gamma is
predominantly found in skeletal muscle, and p38delta is
found in the heart, lung, testis, pancreas, and small
intestine.
Length = 343
Score = 53.8 bits (130), Expect = 8e-10
Identities = 21/47 (44%), Positives = 31/47 (65%)
Query: 30 SVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V + D + GR+VA+KKL FQS + +KR +REL++L H+NV
Sbjct: 30 QVCSAFDTKTGRKVAIKKLSRPFQSAIHAKRTYRELRLLKHMDHENV 76
>gnl|CDD|143363 cd07858, STKc_TEY_MAPK_plant, Catalytic domain of the
Serine/Threonine Kinases, TEY Mitogen-Activated Protein
Kinases from Plants. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
Plant TEY Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
TEY MAPK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKs are important
mediators of cellular responses to extracellular
signals. In plants, MAPKs are associated with
physiological, developmental, hormonal, and stress
responses. Some plants show numerous gene duplications
of MAPKs. Arabidopsis thaliana harbors at least 20
MAPKs, named AtMPK1-20. There are two subtypes of plant
MAPKs based on the conserved phosphorylation motif
present in the activation loop, TEY and TDY. This
subfamily represents the TEY subtype and is further
subdivided into three groups (A, B, and C). Group A is
represented by AtMPK3, AtMPK6, Nicotiana tabacum BTF4
(NtNTF4), among others. They are mostly involved in
environmental and hormonal responses. AtMPK3 and
AtMPK6 are also key regulators for stomatal development
and patterning. Group B is represented by AtMPK4,
AtMPK13, and NtNTF6, among others. They may be involved
in both cell division and environmental stress
response. AtMPK4 also participates in regulating innate
immunity. Group C is represented by AtMPK1, AtMPK2,
NtNTF3, Oryza sativa MAPK4 (OsMAPK4), among others.
They may also be involved in stress responses. AtMPK1
and AtMPK2 are activated following mechanical injury
and in the presence of stress chemicals such as
jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid.
OsMAPK4 is also called OsMSRMK3 for Multiple
Stress-Responsive MAPK3.
Length = 337
Score = 51.6 bits (124), Expect = 5e-09
Identities = 18/50 (36%), Positives = 30/50 (60%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+CS+ + T +VA+KK+ N F + + +KR RE+K+L H+NV
Sbjct: 21 VCSAKNSET----NEKVAIKKIANAFDNRIDAKRTLREIKLLRHLDHENV 66
>gnl|CDD|143382 cd07877, STKc_p38alpha_MAPK14, Catalytic domain of the
Serine/Threonine Kinase, p38alpha Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
p38alpha subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
p38alpha subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. p38 kinases are
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), serving as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They are activated by the MAPK
kinases MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn are activated by
upstream MAPK kinase kinases including TAK1, ASK1, and
MLK3, in response to cellular stresses or inflammatory
cytokines. Vertebrates contain four isoforms of p38,
named alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. p38alpha, also
called MAPK14, is expressed in most tissues and is the
major isoform involved in the immune and inflammatory
response. It is the central p38 MAPK involved in
myogenesis. It plays a role in regulating cell cycle
check-point transition and promoting cell
differentiation. p38alpha also regulates cell
proliferation and death through crosstalk with the JNK
pathway. Its substrates include MAPK activated protein
kinase 2 (MK2), MK5, and the transcription factors ATF2
and Mitf.
Length = 345
Score = 51.2 bits (122), Expect = 8e-09
Identities = 23/51 (45%), Positives = 35/51 (68%), Gaps = 4/51 (7%)
Query: 26 SICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
S+C++ D + G RVA+KKL FQS++ +KR +REL++L KH+NV
Sbjct: 32 SVCAAF----DTKTGLRVAVKKLSRPFQSIIHAKRTYRELRLLKHMKHENV 78
>gnl|CDD|143384 cd07879, STKc_p38delta_MAPK13, Catalytic domain of the
Serine/Threonine Kinase, p38delta Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
p38delta subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
p38delta subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. p38 kinases are
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), serving as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They are activated by the MAPK
kinases MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn are activated by
upstream MAPK kinase kinases including TAK1, ASK1, and
MLK3, in response to cellular stresses or inflammatory
cytokines. Vertebrates contain four isoforms of p38,
named alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. p38delta, also
called MAPK13, is found in skeletal muscle, heart,
lung, testis, pancreas, and small intestine. It
regulates microtubule function by phosphorylating Tau.
It activates the c-jun promoter and plays a role in G2
cell cycle arrest. It also controls the degration of
c-Myb, which is associated with myeloid leukemia and
poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. p38delta is the
main isoform involved in regulating the differentiation
and apoptosis of keratinocytes.
Length = 342
Score = 51.1 bits (122), Expect = 1e-08
Identities = 23/52 (44%), Positives = 34/52 (65%), Gaps = 4/52 (7%)
Query: 26 SICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNVS 77
S+CS++ D R G +VA+KKL FQS + +KR +REL +L +H+NV
Sbjct: 30 SVCSAI----DKRTGEKVAIKKLSRPFQSEIFAKRAYRELTLLKHMQHENVI 77
>gnl|CDD|143383 cd07878, STKc_p38beta_MAPK11, Catalytic domain of the
Serine/Threonine Kinase, p38beta Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
p38beta subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
p38beta subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. p38 kinases are
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), serving as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They are activated by the MAPK
kinases MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn are activated by
upstream MAPK kinase kinases including TAK1, ASK1, and
MLK3, in response to cellular stresses or inflammatory
cytokines. Vertebrates contain four isoforms of p38,
named alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. p38beta, also
called MAPK11, is widely expressed in tissues and shows
more similarity with p38alpha than with the other
isoforms. Both are sensitive to pyridinylimidazoles and
share some common substrates such as MAPK activated
protein kinase 2 (MK2) and the transcription factors
ATF2, c-Fos and, ELK-1. p38beta is involved in
regulating the activation of the cyclooxygenase-2
promoter and the expression of TGFbeta-induced
alpha-smooth muscle cell actin.
Length = 343
Score = 49.3 bits (117), Expect = 4e-08
Identities = 22/47 (46%), Positives = 33/47 (70%)
Query: 30 SVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
SV + D R ++VA+KKL FQSL+ ++R +REL++L KH+NV
Sbjct: 30 SVCSAYDTRLRQKVAVKKLSRPFQSLIHARRTYRELRLLKHMKHENV 76
>gnl|CDD|173750 cd07857, STKc_MPK1, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Fungal Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase MPK1.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Fungal
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) MPK1 subfamily,
catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The MPK1 subfamily is
part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. This subfamily is composed
of the MAPKs MPK1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pmk1
from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and similar proteins.
MAPKs are important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. MPK1 (also called Slt2) and Pmk1
(also called Spm1) are stress-activated MAPKs that
regulate the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, and are
therefore important in the maintainance of cell shape,
cell wall construction, morphogenesis, and ion
homeostasis. MPK1 is activated in response to cell wall
stress including heat stimulation, osmotic shock, UV
irradiation, and any agents that interfere with cell
wall biogenesis such as chitin antagonists, caffeine,
or zymolase. MPK1 is regulated by the MAP2Ks Mkk1/2,
which are regulated by the MAP3K Bck1. Pmk1 is also
activated by multiple stresses including elevated
temperatures, hyper- or hypotonic stress, glucose
deprivation, exposure to cell-wall damaging compounds,
and oxidative stress. It is regulated by the MAP2K
Pek1, which is regulated by the MAP3K Mkh1.
Length = 332
Score = 48.9 bits (117), Expect = 5e-08
Identities = 21/51 (41%), Positives = 30/51 (58%), Gaps = 3/51 (5%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFK-HDNV 76
+CS+ A T VA+KK+ NVF + +KR RELK+L F+ H N+
Sbjct: 16 VCSARNAETSE--EETVAIKKITNVFSKKILAKRALRELKLLRHFRGHKNI 64
>gnl|CDD|143385 cd07880, STKc_p38gamma_MAPK12, Catalytic domain of the
Serine/Threonine Kinase, p38gamma Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
p38gamma subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
p38gamma subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. p38 kinases are
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), serving as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They are activated by the MAPK
kinases MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn are activated by
upstream MAPK kinase kinases including TAK1, ASK1, and
MLK3, in response to cellular stresses or inflammatory
cytokines. Vertebrates contain four isoforms of p38,
named alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. p38gamma, also
called MAPK12, is predominantly expressed in skeletal
muscle. Unlike p38alpha and p38beta, p38gamma is
insensitive to pyridinylimidazoles. It displays an
antagonizing function compared to p38alpha. p38gamma
inhibits, while p38alpha stimulates, c-Jun
phosphorylation and AP-1 mediated transcription.
p38gamma also plays a role in the signaling between Ras
and the estrogen receptor and has been implicated to
increase cell invasion and breast cancer progression.
In Xenopus, p38gamma is critical in the meiotic
maturation of oocytes.
Length = 343
Score = 48.8 bits (116), Expect = 5e-08
Identities = 23/51 (45%), Positives = 35/51 (68%), Gaps = 4/51 (7%)
Query: 26 SICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
++CS++ D R G +VA+KKL FQS + +KR +REL++L KH+NV
Sbjct: 30 TVCSAL----DRRTGAKVAIKKLYRPFQSELFAKRAYRELRLLKHMKHENV 76
>gnl|CDD|173746 cd07850, STKc_JNK, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase. Serine/Threonine
Kinases (STKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
JNK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. JNKs are mitogen-activated
protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many
stress-activated responses including those during
inflammation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and
persistent pain sensitization, among others. They are
also essential regulators of physiological and
pathological processes and are involved in the
pathogenesis of several diseases such as diabetes,
atherosclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Vetebrates harbor three different JNK genes (Jnk1,
Jnk2, and Jnk3) that are alternatively spliced to
produce at least 10 isoforms. JNKs are specifically
activated by the MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK7, which are
in turn activated by upstream MAPK kinase kinases as a
result of different stimuli including stresses such as
ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hyperosmolarity, heat
shock, or cytokines. JNKs activate a large number of
different substrates based on specific stimulus, cell
type, and cellular condition, and may be implicated in
seemingly contradictory functions.
Length = 353
Score = 43.2 bits (102), Expect = 4e-06
Identities = 18/50 (36%), Positives = 30/50 (60%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+C++ VT G+ VA+KKL FQ++ +KR +REL ++ H N+
Sbjct: 32 VCAAYDTVT----GQNVAIKKLSRPFQNVTHAKRAYRELVLMKLVNHKNI 77
>gnl|CDD|143361 cd07856, STKc_Sty1_Hog1, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinases, Fungal Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Sty1
and Hog1. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Fungal
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Sty1/Hog1
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
Sty1/Hog1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily
that includes the catalytic domains of other protein
STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases,
aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. This subfamily is composed
of the MAPKs Sty1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Hog1
from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and similar proteins.
MAPKs are important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. Sty1 and Hog1 are
stress-activated MAPKs that partipate in
transcriptional regulation in response to stress. Sty1
is activated in response to oxidative stress, osmotic
stress, and UV radiation. Sty1 is regulated by the
MAP2K Wis1, which is activated by the MAP3Ks Wis4 and
Win1, which receive signals of the stress condition
from membrane-spanning histidine kinases Mak1-3.
Activated Sty1 stabilizes the Atf1 transcription factor
and induces transcription of Atf1-dependent genes of
the core environmetal stress response (CESR). Hog1 is
the key element in the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG)
pathway and is activated upon hyperosmotic stress.
Activated Hog1 accumulates in the nucleus and regulates
stress-induced transcription. The HOG pathway is
mediated by two transmembrane osmosensors, Sln1 and
Sho1.
Length = 328
Score = 42.9 bits (101), Expect = 6e-06
Identities = 19/50 (38%), Positives = 32/50 (64%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+CS+ +T G+ VA+KK+ F + V +KR +RELK+L +H+N+
Sbjct: 26 VCSARDQLT----GQNVAIKKIMKPFSTPVLAKRTYRELKLLKHLRHENI 71
>gnl|CDD|214567 smart00220, S_TKc, Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic
domain. Phosphotransferases. Serine or
threonine-specific kinase subfamily.
Length = 254
Score = 40.2 bits (95), Expect = 6e-05
Identities = 14/48 (29%), Positives = 23/48 (47%), Gaps = 1/48 (2%)
Query: 29 SSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V D + G+ VA+K + +R+ RE+K+L KH N+
Sbjct: 13 GKVYLARDKKTGKLVAIKVIKKKKIK-KDRERILREIKILKKLKHPNI 59
>gnl|CDD|143364 cd07859, STKc_TDY_MAPK_plant, Catalytic domain of the
Serine/Threonine Kinases, TDY Mitogen-Activated Protein
Kinases from Plants. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
Plant TDY Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
TDY MAPK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKs are important
mediators of cellular responses to extracellular
signals. In plants, MAPKs are associated with
physiological, developmental, hormonal, and stress
responses. Some plants show numerous gene duplications
of MAPKs. Arabidopsis thaliana harbors at least 20
MAPKs, named AtMPK1-20. Oryza sativa contains at least
17 MAPKs. There are two subtypes of plant MAPKs based
on the conserved phosphorylation motif present in the
activation loop, TEY and TDY. Arabidopsis thaliana
contains more TEY-type MAPKs than TDY-type, whereas the
reverse is true for Oryza sativa. This subfamily
represents the TDY subtype and is composed of Group D
plant MAPKs including Arabidopsis thaliana MPK18
(AtMPK18), Oryza sativa Blast- and Wound-induced MAPK1
(OsBWMK1), OsWJUMK1 (Wound- and JA-Uninducible MAPK1),
Zea mays MPK6, and the Medicago sativa TDY1 gene
product. OsBWMK1 enhances resistance to pathogenic
infections. It mediates stress-activated defense
responses by activating a transcription factor that
affects the expression of stress-related genes. AtMPK18
is involved in microtubule-related functions.
Length = 338
Score = 40.1 bits (94), Expect = 6e-05
Identities = 16/51 (31%), Positives = 31/51 (60%)
Query: 31 VKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNVSITQH 81
V + D G +VA+KK+ +VF+ + + R+ RE+K+L +H ++ +H
Sbjct: 16 VCSAIDTHTGEKVAIKKINDVFEHVSDATRILREIKLLRLLRHPDIVEIKH 66
>gnl|CDD|143333 cd05118, STKc_CMGC, Catalytic domain of CMGC family
Serine/Threonine Kinases. Serine/Threonine Kinases
(STKs), CMGC family, catalytic (c) domain. STKs
catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group
from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein
substrates. The CMGC family is part of a larger
superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of
other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO
kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline
kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The CMGC family
consists of Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinases (CDKs),
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs), c-Jun
N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38, and similar
proteins. CDKs belong to a large subfamily of STKs that
are regulated by their cognate cyclins. Together, they
are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression,
transcription, and neuronal function. MAPKs serve as
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. They control critical cellular
functions including differentiation, proliferation,
migration, and apoptosis. They are also implicated in
the pathogenesis of many diseases including multiple
types of cancer, stroke, diabetes, and chronic
inflammation.
Length = 283
Score = 39.2 bits (92), Expect = 1e-04
Identities = 16/48 (33%), Positives = 22/48 (45%)
Query: 29 SSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V D G VA+KK+ F+S K RE+K+L H N+
Sbjct: 13 GVVYKARDKLTGEIVAIKKIKLRFESEGIPKTALREIKLLKELNHPNI 60
>gnl|CDD|143379 cd07874, STKc_JNK3, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 3. Serine/Threonine
Kinases (STKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3)
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
JNK3 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. JNKs are mitogen-activated
protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many
stress-activated responses including those during
inflammation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and
persistent pain sensitization, among others. Vetebrates
harbor three different JNK genes (Jnk1, Jnk2, and
Jnk3). JNK3 is expressed primarily in the brain, and to
a lesser extent in the heart and testis. Mice deficient
in Jnk3 are protected against kainic acid-induced
seizures, stroke, sciatic axotomy neural death, and
neuronal death due to NGF deprivation, oxidative
stress, or exposure to beta-amyloid peptide. This
suggests that JNK3 may play roles in the pathogenesis
of these diseases.
Length = 355
Score = 37.8 bits (87), Expect = 5e-04
Identities = 19/50 (38%), Positives = 29/50 (58%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+C++ AV D R VA+KKL FQ+ +KR +REL ++ H N+
Sbjct: 33 VCAAYDAVLD----RNVAIKKLSRPFQNQTHAKRAYRELVLMKCVNHKNI 78
>gnl|CDD|143354 cd07849, STKc_ERK1_2_like, Catalytic domain of Extracellular
signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2-like Serine/Threonine
Kinases. Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs),
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)
and Fus3 subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This
ERK1/2-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily
that includes the catalytic domains of other protein
STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases,
aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. This subfamily is composed
of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1,
ERK2, baker's yeast Fus3, and similar proteins. MAPK
pathways are important mediators of cellular responses
to extracellular signals. ERK1/2 activation is
preferentially by mitogenic factors, differentiation
stimuli, and cytokines, through a kinase cascade
involving the MAPK kinases MEK1/2 and a MAPK kinase
kinase from the Raf family. ERK1/2 have numerous
substrates, many of which are nuclear and participate
in transcriptional regulation of many cellular
processes. They regulate cell growth, cell
proliferation, and cell cycle progression from G1 to S
phase. Although the distinct roles of ERK1 and ERK2
have not been fully determined, it is known that ERK2
can maintain most functions in the absence of ERK1, and
that the deletion of ERK2 is embryonically lethal. The
MAPK, Fus3, regulates yeast mating processes including
mating-specific gene expression, G1 arrest, mating
projection, and cell fusion.
Length = 336
Score = 36.5 bits (85), Expect = 0.001
Identities = 19/51 (37%), Positives = 30/51 (58%), Gaps = 7/51 (13%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKL-PNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+CS+ T G +VA+KK+ P F+ +R RE+K+L FKH+N+
Sbjct: 21 VCSATHKPT----GVKVAIKKISP--FEHQTFCQRTLREIKILRRFKHENI 65
>gnl|CDD|143380 cd07875, STKc_JNK1, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1. Serine/Threonine
Kinases (STKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1)
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
JNK1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. JNKs are mitogen-activated
protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many
stress-activated responses including those during
inflammation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and
persistent pain sensitization, among others. Vetebrates
harbor three different JNK genes (Jnk1, Jnk2, and
Jnk3). JNK1, like JNK2, is expressed in every cell and
tissue type. Initially it was thought that JNK1 and
JNK2 were functionally redundant as mice deficient in
either genes (Jnk1 or Jnk2) could survive but
disruption of both genes resulted in lethality.
However, recent studies have shown that JNK1 and JNK2
perform distinct functions through specific binding
partners and substrates. JNK1 specifically binds with
JAMP (JNK1-associated membrane protein), which
regulates the duration of JNK1 activity in response to
stimuli. Specific JNK1 substrates include Itch and
SG10, which are implicated in Th2 responses and airway
inflammation, and microtubule dynamics and axodendritic
length, respectively. Mice deficient in Jnk1 are
protected against arthritis, obesity, type 2 diabetes,
cardiac cell death, and non-alcoholic liver disease,
suggesting that JNK1 may play roles in the pathogenesis
of these diseases.
Length = 364
Score = 35.8 bits (82), Expect = 0.002
Identities = 17/50 (34%), Positives = 29/50 (58%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+C++ A+ + R VA+KKL FQ+ +KR +REL ++ H N+
Sbjct: 40 VCAAYDAILE----RNVAIKKLSRPFQNQTHAKRAYRELVLMKCVNHKNI 85
>gnl|CDD|173659 cd05122, PKc_STE, Catalytic domain of STE family Protein Kinases.
Protein Kinases (PKs), STE family, catalytic (c)
domain. PKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine or
tyrosine residues on protein substrates. The STE family
is part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein serine/threonine
kinases (STKs), protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), RIO
kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline
kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). This
family is composed of STKs, and some dual-specificity
PKs that phosphorylate both threonine and tyrosine
residues of target proteins. Most members are kinases
involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
signaling cascades, acting as MAPK kinases (MAPKKs),
MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), or MAPK kinase kinase
kinases (MAP4Ks). The MAPK signaling pathways are
important mediators of cellular responses to
extracellular signals. The pathways involve a triple
kinase core cascade comprising of the MAPK, which is
phosphorylated and activated by a MAPKK, which itself
is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPKKK. Each MAPK
cascade is activated either by a small GTP-binding
protein or by an adaptor protein, which transmits the
signal either directly to a MAPKKK to start the triple
kinase core cascade or indirectly through a mediator
kinase, a MAP4K. Other STE family members include
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) and class III myosins,
among others. PAKs are Rho family GTPase-regulated
kinases that serve as important mediators in the
function of Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) and Rac.
Class III myosins are motor proteins containing an
N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal
actin-binding domain, which can phosphorylate several
cytoskeletal proteins, conventional myosin regulatory
light chains, as well as autophosphorylate the
C-terminal motor domain. They play an important role in
maintaining the structural integrity of photoreceptor
cell microvilli.
Length = 253
Score = 35.6 bits (83), Expect = 0.002
Identities = 12/47 (25%), Positives = 23/47 (48%), Gaps = 2/47 (4%)
Query: 30 SVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V R G+ VA+K + +S +++ E+++L KH N+
Sbjct: 15 EVYKARHKRTGKEVAIKVIK--LESKEKKEKIINEIQILKKCKHPNI 59
>gnl|CDD|173623 cd00180, PKc, Catalytic domain of Protein Kinases. Protein
Kinases (PKs), catalytic (c) domain. PKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine or tyrosine residues on protein
substrates. The PK family is part of a larger
superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of RIO
kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline
kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and
actin-fragmin kinase. PKs make up a large family of
serine/threonine kinases, protein tyrosine kinases
(PTKs), and dual-specificity PKs that phosphorylate
both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues of target
proteins. Majority of protein phosphorylation, about
95%, occurs on serine residues while only 1% occurs on
tyrosine residues. Protein phosphorylation is a
mechanism by which a wide variety of cellular proteins,
such as enzymes and membrane channels, are reversibly
regulated in response to certain stimuli. PKs often
function as components of signal transduction pathways
in which one kinase activates a second kinase, which in
turn, may act on other kinases; this sequential action
transmits a signal from the cell surface to target
proteins, which results in cellular responses. The PK
family is one of the largest known protein families
with more than 100 homologous yeast enzymes and 550
human proteins. A fraction of PK family members are
pseudokinases that lack crucial residues for catalytic
activity. The mutiplicity of kinases allows for
specific regulation according to substrate, tissue
distribution, and cellular localization. PKs regulate
many cellular processes including proliferation,
division, differentiation, motility, survival,
metabolism, cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal
rearrangement, immunity, and neuronal functions. Many
kinases are implicated in the development of various
human diseases including different types of cancer.
Length = 215
Score = 34.5 bits (80), Expect = 0.005
Identities = 12/48 (25%), Positives = 24/48 (50%), Gaps = 1/48 (2%)
Query: 29 SSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+V D + G++VA+K + S + + RE+++L H N+
Sbjct: 7 GTVYLARDKKTGKKVAIKIIKKE-DSSSLLEELLREIEILKKLNHPNI 53
>gnl|CDD|143381 cd07876, STKc_JNK2, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 2. Serine/Threonine
Kinases (STKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2)
subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
JNK2 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. JNKs are mitogen-activated
protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many
stress-activated responses including those during
inflammation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and
persistent pain sensitization, among others. Vetebrates
harbor three different JNK genes (Jnk1, Jnk2, and
Jnk3). JNK1, like JNK2, is expressed in every cell and
tissue type. Initially it was thought that JNK1 and
JNK2 were functionally redundant as mice deficient in
either genes (Jnk1 or Jnk2) could survive but
disruption of both genes resulted in lethality.
However, recent studies have shown that JNK1 and JNK2
perform distinct functions through specific binding
partners and substrates. JNK2 is specifically
translocated to the mitochondria during dopaminergic
cell death. Specific substrates include the
microtubule-associated proteins DCX and Tau, as well as
TIF-IA which is involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis
regulation. Mice deficient in Jnk2 show protection
against arthritis, type 1 diabetes, atherosclerosis,
abdominal aortic aneurysm, cardiac cell death,
TNF-induced liver damage, and tumor growth, indicating
that JNK2 may play roles in the pathogenesis of these
diseases.
Length = 359
Score = 33.8 bits (77), Expect = 0.009
Identities = 18/50 (36%), Positives = 27/50 (54%), Gaps = 4/50 (8%)
Query: 27 ICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+C++ V G VA+KKL FQ+ +KR +REL +L H N+
Sbjct: 37 VCAAFDTVL----GINVAVKKLSRPFQNQTHAKRAYRELVLLKCVNHKNI 82
>gnl|CDD|215690 pfam00069, Pkinase, Protein kinase domain.
Length = 260
Score = 33.8 bits (78), Expect = 0.009
Identities = 12/62 (19%), Positives = 22/62 (35%)
Query: 29 SSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNVSITQHTPYTTRR 88
+V G+ VA+K L + + RE+++L H N+
Sbjct: 13 GTVYKAKHKGTGKIVAVKILKKRSEKSKKDQTARREIRILRRLSHPNIVRLIDAFEDKDH 72
Query: 89 MY 90
+Y
Sbjct: 73 LY 74
>gnl|CDD|173747 cd07852, STKc_MAPK15, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 15.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase 15 (MAPK15) subfamily, catalytic (c)
domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The MAPK15 subfamily is
part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKs are important
mediators of cellular responses to extracellular
signals. Human MAPK15 is also called Extracellular
signal Regulated Kinase 8 (ERK8) while the rat protein
is called ERK7. ERK7 and ERK8 display both similar and
different biochemical properties. They
autophosphorylate and activate themselves and do not
require upstream activating kinases. ERK7 is
constitutively active and is not affected by
extracellular stimuli whereas ERK8 shows low basal
activity and is activated by DNA-damaging agents. ERK7
and ERK8 also have different substrate profiles. Genome
analysis shows that they are orthologs with similar
gene structures. ERK7 and ERK 8 may be involved in the
signaling of some nuclear receptor transcription
factors. ERK7 regulates hormone-dependent degradation
of estrogen receptor alpha while ERK8 down-regulates
the transcriptional co-activation androgen and
glucocorticoid receptors.
Length = 337
Score = 33.7 bits (78), Expect = 0.011
Identities = 17/46 (36%), Positives = 26/46 (56%), Gaps = 2/46 (4%)
Query: 32 KAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLC-FFKHDNV 76
KA+ D R VALKK+ + F++ ++R FRE+ L H N+
Sbjct: 25 KAI-DRRTKEVVALKKIFDAFRNATDAQRTFREIMFLQELGDHPNI 69
>gnl|CDD|143359 cd07854, STKc_MAPK4_6, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 4 and 6.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Mitogen-Activated
Protein Kinase 4 (MAPK4) and MAPK6 subfamily, catalytic
(c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The MAPK4/6 subfamily
is part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKs are important
mediators of cellular responses to extracellular
signals. MAPK4 is also called ERK4 or p63MAPK, while
MAPK6 is also called ERK3 or p97MAPK. MAPK4 and MAPK6
are atypical MAPKs that are not regulated by MAP2Ks.
MAPK6 is expressed ubiquitously with highest amounts in
brain and skeletal muscle. It may be involved in the
control of cell differentiation by negatively
regulating cell cycle progression in certain
conditions. It may also play a role in glucose-induced
insulin secretion. MAPK6 and MAPK4 cooperate to
regulate the activity of MAPK-activated protein kinase
5 (MK5), leading to its relocation to the cytoplasm and
exclusion from the nucleus. The MAPK6/MK5 and MAPK4/MK5
pathways may play critical roles in embryonic and
post-natal development.
Length = 342
Score = 32.4 bits (74), Expect = 0.028
Identities = 15/41 (36%), Positives = 22/41 (53%), Gaps = 2/41 (4%)
Query: 36 DPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
D +RVA+KK+ V S K RE+K++ HDN+
Sbjct: 26 DSDCDKRVAVKKI--VLTDPQSVKHALREIKIIRRLDHDNI 64
>gnl|CDD|132954 cd06623, PKc_MAPKK_plant_like, Catalytic domain of Plant
dual-specificity MAP kinase kinases and similar
proteins. Protein kinases (PKs), MAP kinase kinase
(MAPKK) subfamily, Plant MAPKKs and similar proteins,
catalytic (c) domain. PKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine or
tyrosine residues on protein substrates. The MAPKK
subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes
the catalytic domains of other protein serine/threonine
kinases, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases,
aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The mitogen-activated
protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways are important
mediators of cellular responses to extracellular
signals. The pathways involve a triple kinase core
cascade comprising of the MAP kinase (MAPK), which is
phosphorylated and activated by a MAPK kinase (MAPKK or
MKK), which itself is phosphorylated and activated by a
MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MKKK). Members of this
group include MAPKKs from plants, kinetoplastids,
alveolates, and mycetozoa. The MAPKK, LmxPK4, from
Leishmania mexicana, is important in differentiation
and virulence. Dictyostelium discoideum MEK1 is
required for proper chemotaxis. MEK1 null mutants
display severe defects in cell polarization and
directional movement. Plants contain multiple MAPKKs
like other eukaryotes. The Arabidopsis genome encodes
for 10 MAPKKs while poplar and rice contain 13 MAPKKs
each. The functions of these proteins have not been
fully elucidated. There is evidence to suggest that
MAPK cascades are involved in plant stress responses.
In Arabidopsis, MKK3 plays a role in pathogen
signaling, MKK2 is involved in cold and salt stress
signaling, MKK4/MKK5 participates in innate immunity,
and MKK7 regulates basal and systemic acquired
resistance.
Length = 264
Score = 29.5 bits (67), Expect = 0.30
Identities = 15/48 (31%), Positives = 21/48 (43%), Gaps = 1/48 (2%)
Query: 29 SSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
V V G+ ALKK+ +V K++ RELK L + V
Sbjct: 15 GVVYKVRHKPTGKIYALKKI-HVDGDEEFRKQLLRELKTLRSCESPYV 61
>gnl|CDD|173724 cd06606, STKc_MAPKKK, Catalytic domain of the Protein
Serine/Threonine Kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein
Kinase Kinase Kinase. Serine/threonine kinases (STKs),
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase
(MAPKKK) subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
MAPKKK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. MAPKKKs (MKKKs or MAP3Ks)
are also called MAP/ERK kinase kinases (MEKKs) in some
cases. They phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases
(MAPKKs or MKKs or MAP2Ks), which in turn phosphorylate
and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are
important in mediating cellular responses to
extracellular signals. This subfamily is composed of
the Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinases ASK1 (or
MAPKKK5) and ASK2 (or MAPKKK6), MEKK1, MEKK2, MEKK3,
MEKK4, as well as plant and fungal MAPKKKs. Also
included in this subfamily are the cell division
control proteins Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc7 and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc15.
Length = 260
Score = 28.7 bits (65), Expect = 0.47
Identities = 12/48 (25%), Positives = 22/48 (45%)
Query: 29 SSVKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
SV D G +A+K + S + + RE+++L +H N+
Sbjct: 14 GSVYLALDKDTGELMAVKSVELSGDSEEELEALEREIRILSSLQHPNI 61
>gnl|CDD|173739 cd07838, STKc_CDK4_6_like, Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent
protein Kinase 4 and 6-like Serine/Threonine Kinases.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent
protein kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6-like subfamily,
catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The CDK4/6-like
subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes
the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. CDK4 and CDK6 partner with D-type cyclins to
regulate the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. They are
the first kinase activated by mitogenic signals to
release cells from the G0 arrested state. CDK4 and CDK6
are both expressed ubiquitously, associate with all
three D cyclins (D1, D2 and D3), and phosphorylate the
retinoblastoma (pRb) protein. They are also regulated
by the INK4 family of inhibitors which associate with
either the CDK alone or the CDK/cyclin complex. CDK4
and CDK6 show differences in subcellular localization,
sensitivity to some inhibitors, timing in activation,
tumor selectivity, and possibly substrate profiles.
Although CDK4 and CDK6 seem to show some redundancy,
they also have discrete, nonoverlapping functions. CDK6
plays an important role in cell differentiation.
Length = 287
Score = 28.4 bits (64), Expect = 0.67
Identities = 23/68 (33%), Positives = 30/68 (44%), Gaps = 12/68 (17%)
Query: 31 VKAVTDPRDGRRVALKKL--PNVFQSLVSSKRVFRE---LKMLCFFKHDNV----SITQH 81
V D GR VALKK+ P + + S RE LK L F+H N+ + H
Sbjct: 15 VYKARDLNTGRFVALKKVRVPLSEEGIPLS--TLREIALLKQLESFEHPNIVRLLDVC-H 71
Query: 82 TPYTTRRM 89
P T R +
Sbjct: 72 GPRTDREL 79
>gnl|CDD|143338 cd07833, STKc_CDKL, Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent protein
Kinase Like Serine/Threonine Kinases. Serine/Threonine
Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent protein kinase like
(CDKL) subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
CDKL subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. This subfamily is composed of CDKL1-5 and
similar proteins. Some CDKLs, like CDKL1 and CDKL3, may
be implicated in transformation and others, like CDKL3
and CDKL5, are associated with mental retardation when
impaired. CDKL2 plays a role in learning and memory.
Length = 288
Score = 28.1 bits (63), Expect = 0.80
Identities = 12/37 (32%), Positives = 18/37 (48%)
Query: 40 GRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
G VA+KK K RE+K+L +H+N+
Sbjct: 26 GEIVAIKKFKESEDDEDVKKTALREVKVLRQLRHENI 62
>gnl|CDD|143371 cd07866, STKc_BUR1, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Fungal Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase Bypass
UAS Requirement 1 and similar proteins.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Bypass UAS Requirement
1 (BUR1) subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze
the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The
BUR1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs,
protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. BUR1, also called SGV1, is a yeast
Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase (CDK) that is
functionally equivalent to mammalian CDK9. It
associates with the cyclin BUR2. BUR genes were
orginally identified in a genetic screen as factors
involved in general transcription. The BUR1/BUR2
complex phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA
polymerase II. In addition, this complex regulates
histone modification by phosporylating Rad6 and
mediating the association of the Paf1 complex with
chromatin.
Length = 311
Score = 28.1 bits (63), Expect = 0.82
Identities = 16/45 (35%), Positives = 24/45 (53%), Gaps = 12/45 (26%)
Query: 38 RDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKR------VFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+ GR VALKK+ L+ +++ RE+K+L KH NV
Sbjct: 31 KTGRVVALKKI------LMHNEKDGFPITALREIKILKKLKHPNV 69
>gnl|CDD|173743 cd07846, STKc_CDKL2_3, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinases, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase Like 2 and 3.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent
protein kinase like 2 (CDKL2) and CDKL3 subfamily,
catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The CDKL2 and CDKL3
subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes
the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. CDKL2, also called p56 KKIAMRE, is expressed
in testis, kidney, lung, and brain. It functions mainly
in mature neurons and plays an important role in
learning and memory. Inactivation of CDKL3, also called
NKIAMRE (NKIATRE in rat), by translocation is
associated with mild mental retardation. It has been
reported that CDKL3 is lost in leukemic cells having a
chromosome arm 5q deletion, and may contribute to the
transformed phenotype.
Length = 286
Score = 27.7 bits (62), Expect = 1.2
Identities = 12/37 (32%), Positives = 20/37 (54%)
Query: 40 GRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
G+ VA+KK + K RE++ML +H+N+
Sbjct: 26 GQIVAIKKFLESEDDKMVKKIAMREIRMLKQLRHENL 62
>gnl|CDD|143345 cd07840, STKc_CDK9_like, Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent
protein Kinase 9-like Serine/Threonine Kinases.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-Dependent
protein Kinase 9 (CDK9)-like subfamily, catalytic (c)
domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The CDK9-like subfamily
is part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. This subfamily is composed of CDK9 and CDK12
from higher eukaryotes, yeast BUR1, C-type plant CDKs
(CdkC), and similar proteins. CDK9, BUR1, and CdkC are
functionally equivalent. They act as a kinase for the
C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and participate
in regulating mutliple steps of gene expression
including transcription elongation and RNA processing.
CDK9 and CdkC associate with T-type cyclins while BUR1
associates with the cyclin BUR2. CDK12 is a unique CDK
that contains an arginine/serine-rich (RS) domain,
which is predominantly found in splicing factors. CDK12
interacts with cyclins L1 and L2, and participates in
regulating transcription and alternative splicing.
Length = 287
Score = 27.5 bits (62), Expect = 1.2
Identities = 14/44 (31%), Positives = 22/44 (50%), Gaps = 10/44 (22%)
Query: 38 RDGRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVF-----RELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
+ G VALKK+ + + K F RE+K+L +H N+
Sbjct: 22 KTGELVALKKIR-----MENEKEGFPITAIREIKLLQKLRHPNI 60
>gnl|CDD|240636 cd12159, 2-Hacid_dh_2, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid
dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze
the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to
their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is
(R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor.
Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the
D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily
include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate
dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low
sequence identity, these proteins typically have a
characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of
the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+
binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of
the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a
similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding
domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by
extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD
is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd
(internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar
structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of
the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear
sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric,
alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is
tetrameric.
Length = 303
Score = 26.8 bits (60), Expect = 2.7
Identities = 11/34 (32%), Positives = 14/34 (41%), Gaps = 1/34 (2%)
Query: 74 DNVSITQHTPYTTRRMYPGLTLRLGEVHVRRWTK 107
N IT H T + P L R+ E VR +
Sbjct: 257 PNALITPHVANTPEVIRPLLAERVAEN-VRAFAA 289
>gnl|CDD|173744 cd07847, STKc_CDKL1_4, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinases, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase Like 1 and 4.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent
protein kinase like 1 (CDKL1) and CDKL4 subfamily,
catalytic (c) domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The CDKL1 and CDKL4
subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes
the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. CDKL1, also called p42 KKIALRE, is a glial
protein that is upregulated in gliosis. It is present
in neuroblastoma and A431 human carcinoma cells, and
may be implicated in neoplastic transformation. The
function of CDKL4 is unknown.
Length = 286
Score = 26.2 bits (58), Expect = 3.6
Identities = 14/36 (38%), Positives = 18/36 (50%)
Query: 40 GRRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDN 75
G+ VA+KK V K RE++ML KH N
Sbjct: 26 GQIVAIKKFVESEDDPVIKKIALREIRMLKQLKHPN 61
>gnl|CDD|236761 PRK10795, PRK10795, penicillin-binding protein 2; Provisional.
Length = 634
Score = 26.3 bits (58), Expect = 4.7
Identities = 14/30 (46%), Positives = 17/30 (56%), Gaps = 4/30 (13%)
Query: 34 VTDPRDGRRVALKKL----PNVFQSLVSSK 59
VTDPR G +AL PN+F +SSK
Sbjct: 276 VTDPRTGGILALVSTPSYDPNLFVDGISSK 305
>gnl|CDD|215641 PLN03237, PLN03237, DNA topoisomerase 2; Provisional.
Length = 1465
Score = 26.0 bits (57), Expect = 5.5
Identities = 9/15 (60%), Positives = 12/15 (80%)
Query: 94 TLRLGEVHVRRWTKD 108
TLR+ E+ +RRWT D
Sbjct: 909 TLRITELPIRRWTDD 923
>gnl|CDD|217478 pfam03294, Pox_Rap94, RNA polymerase-associated transcription
specificity factor, Rap94.
Length = 796
Score = 25.8 bits (57), Expect = 5.5
Identities = 8/19 (42%), Positives = 11/19 (57%)
Query: 50 NVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKML 68
N+F VSS +F K+L
Sbjct: 471 NLFDIHVSSTELFYSSKIL 489
>gnl|CDD|181087 PRK07701, flgL, flagellar hook-associated protein FlgL;
Validated.
Length = 298
Score = 25.7 bits (57), Expect = 6.2
Identities = 6/12 (50%), Positives = 10/12 (83%)
Query: 1 MASGKTFSRPSD 12
+++GK +RPSD
Sbjct: 30 LSTGKKITRPSD 41
>gnl|CDD|173624 cd00192, PTKc, Catalytic domain of Protein Tyrosine Kinases.
Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) family, catalytic domain.
This PTKc family is part of a larger superfamily that
includes the catalytic domains of protein
serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). PTKs catalyze the
transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to
tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. They can
be classified into receptor and non-receptor tyr
kinases. PTKs play important roles in many cellular
processes including, lymphocyte activation, epithelium
growth and maintenance, metabolism control,
organogenesis regulation, survival, proliferation,
differentiation, migration, adhesion, motility, and
morphogenesis. Receptor tyr kinases (RTKs) are integral
membrane proteins which contain an extracellular
ligand-binding region, a transmembrane segment, and an
intracellular tyr kinase domain. RTKs are usually
activated through ligand binding, which causes
dimerization and autophosphorylation of the
intracellular tyr kinase catalytic domain, leading to
intracellular signaling. Some RTKs are orphan receptors
with no known ligands. Non-receptor (or cytoplasmic)
tyr kinases are distributed in different intracellular
compartments and are usually multi-domain proteins
containing a catalytic tyr kinase domain as well as
various regulatory domains such as SH3 and SH2. PTKs
are usually autoinhibited and require a mechanism for
activation. In many PTKs, the phosphorylation of tyr
residues in the activation loop is essential for
optimal activity. Aberrant expression of PTKs is
associated with many development abnormalities and
cancers.
Length = 262
Score = 25.6 bits (57), Expect = 6.2
Identities = 9/38 (23%), Positives = 15/38 (39%), Gaps = 5/38 (13%)
Query: 41 RRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRV--FRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
VA+K L +R +E +++ H NV
Sbjct: 24 TEVAVKTLKE---DASEEERKDFLKEARVMKKLGHPNV 58
>gnl|CDD|240233 PTZ00024, PTZ00024, cyclin-dependent protein kinase; Provisional.
Length = 335
Score = 25.5 bits (56), Expect = 6.4
Identities = 15/53 (28%), Positives = 25/53 (47%), Gaps = 12/53 (22%)
Query: 36 DPRDGRRVALKKLPNV-FQSLVSSKR-----------VFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
D G+ VA+KK+ + + V+ R RELK++ KH+N+
Sbjct: 30 DTLTGKIVAIKKVKIIEISNDVTKDRQLVGMCGIHFTTLRELKIMNEIKHENI 82
>gnl|CDD|239128 cd02663, Peptidase_C19G, A subfamily of Peptidase C19. Peptidase
C19 contains ubiquitinyl hydrolases. They are
intracellular peptidases that remove ubiquitin molecules
from polyubiquinated peptides by cleavage of isopeptide
bonds. They hydrolyze bonds involving the carboxyl group
of the C-terminal Gly residue of ubiquitin. The purpose
of the de-ubiquitination is thought to be editing of the
ubiquitin conjugates, which could rescue them from
degradation, as well as recycling of the ubiquitin. The
ubiquitin/proteasome system is responsible for most
protein turnover in the mammalian cell, and with over 50
members, family C19 is one of the largest families of
peptidases in the human genome.
Length = 300
Score = 25.3 bits (56), Expect = 7.5
Identities = 16/57 (28%), Positives = 27/57 (47%), Gaps = 14/57 (24%)
Query: 41 RRVALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNVSITQHTPYTTRRMYPGLTLRL 97
+R+ +KKLP + + KR FK+D + ++ R ++P L LRL
Sbjct: 181 KRMKIKKLPKIL--ALHLKR----------FKYDE-QLNRYIKLFYRVVFP-LELRL 223
>gnl|CDD|197581 smart00219, TyrKc, Tyrosine kinase, catalytic domain.
Phosphotransferases. Tyrosine-specific kinase
subfamily.
Length = 257
Score = 25.2 bits (56), Expect = 8.5
Identities = 10/34 (29%), Positives = 15/34 (44%), Gaps = 1/34 (2%)
Query: 43 VALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
VA+K L S + RE +++ H NV
Sbjct: 31 VAVKTLKED-ASEQQIEEFLREARIMRKLDHPNV 63
>gnl|CDD|214568 smart00221, STYKc, Protein kinase; unclassified specificity.
Phosphotransferases. The specificity of this class of
kinases can not be predicted. Possible dual-specificity
Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase.
Length = 258
Score = 25.2 bits (56), Expect = 8.7
Identities = 9/34 (26%), Positives = 15/34 (44%), Gaps = 1/34 (2%)
Query: 43 VALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
VA+K L S + RE +++ H N+
Sbjct: 31 VAVKTLKED-ASEQQIEEFLREARIMRKLDHPNI 63
>gnl|CDD|237829 PRK14834, PRK14834, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase;
Provisional.
Length = 249
Score = 25.1 bits (55), Expect = 8.8
Identities = 12/41 (29%), Positives = 19/41 (46%), Gaps = 4/41 (9%)
Query: 3 SGKTFSRPSDEIGTMMHDEVGLLSICSSVKAVTDPRDGRRV 43
S + +SRP+ E+ + GLL + R+G RV
Sbjct: 68 SSENWSRPASEVSDLF----GLLRLFIRRDLAELHRNGVRV 104
>gnl|CDD|173745 cd07848, STKc_CDKL5, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine
Kinase, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase Like 5.
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent
protein kinase like 5 (CDKL5) subfamily, catalytic (c)
domain. STKs catalyze the transfer of the
gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine
residues on protein substrates. The CDKL5 subfamily is
part of a larger superfamily that includes the
catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein
tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and
phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CDKs belong to a large
family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate
cyclins. Together, they are involved in the control of
cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal
function. Mutations in the gene encoding CDKL5,
previously called STK9, are associated with early onset
epilepsy and severe mental retardation [X-linked
infantile spasm syndrome (ISSX) or West syndrome]. In
addition, CDKL5 mutations also sometimes cause a
phenotype similar to Rett syndrome (RTT), a progressive
neurodevelopmental disorder. These pathogenic mutations
are located in the N-terminal portion of the protein
within the kinase domain.
Length = 287
Score = 25.3 bits (55), Expect = 9.2
Identities = 12/34 (35%), Positives = 19/34 (55%)
Query: 43 VALKKLPNVFQSLVSSKRVFRELKMLCFFKHDNV 76
VA+KK + ++ + RELKML K +N+
Sbjct: 29 VAIKKFKDSEENEEVKETTLRELKMLRTLKQENI 62
Database: CDD.v3.10
Posted date: Mar 20, 2013 7:55 AM
Number of letters in database: 10,937,602
Number of sequences in database: 44,354
Lambda K H
0.322 0.135 0.409
Gapped
Lambda K H
0.267 0.0807 0.140
Matrix: BLOSUM62
Gap Penalties: Existence: 11, Extension: 1
Number of Sequences: 44354
Number of Hits to DB: 5,564,623
Number of extensions: 451474
Number of successful extensions: 374
Number of sequences better than 10.0: 1
Number of HSP's gapped: 367
Number of HSP's successfully gapped: 56
Length of query: 112
Length of database: 10,937,602
Length adjustment: 76
Effective length of query: 36
Effective length of database: 7,566,698
Effective search space: 272401128
Effective search space used: 272401128
Neighboring words threshold: 11
Window for multiple hits: 40
X1: 16 ( 7.4 bits)
X2: 38 (14.6 bits)
X3: 64 (24.7 bits)
S1: 41 (22.0 bits)
S2: 53 (24.0 bits)