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X - Possible homology level

H - Homology level

T - Topology level

F - Family level

* - Provisional representative


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Evolutionary classification of protein domain structures

alpha arraysalpha-helix arrays with mainly perpendicular helices

alpha bundlesalpha-helix bundles with mainly parallel helices

alpha superhelicesrepeating alpha-helix hairpins form a superhelix

alpha duplicates or obligate multimersalpha duplicates or monomers associate together to form a compact domain

alpha complex topologyalpha domain with complex and unique topology that cannot be described as array or bundle or superhelix

beta barrelssingle beta-sheet folded upon itself to form a barrel

beta meanderssingle beta-sheet with mainly meander topology

beta sandwichestwo beta-sheets stacked together to form a sandwich

X: jelly-roll
H: Galactose-binding domain-like
T: Galactose-binding domain-like
F: CBM_6

PF03422 CL0202

Representatives:

e1w0nA1[A:12-131] nonrep Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE D ; ligands: CA,MG,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 0.800Å

e1od3A1[A:19-150] nonrep Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

PUTATIVE XYLANASE ; ligands: ACY,CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.0Å

e1uxzA1[A:1-131] nonrep Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.4Å

e1uyyB1[B:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.47Å

e5wugA4[A:831-955] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI

Beta-glucosidase ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.216Å

e5wvpA2[A:831-955] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

Beta-glucosidase ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.294Å

e1uyyA1[A:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.47Å

e6f2pA4[A:762-900] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Paenibacillus xanthan lyase ; ligands: CA,CL,MPD,MRD ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.6Å

e1uxzB1[B:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.4Å

e7ehgE1[E:1-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e7ehgA1[A:2-135] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e1uz0A1[A:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA,CL,GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.0Å

e7ehgB1[B:3-135] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e1uyzA1[A:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.6Å

e1uy0B1[B:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA,CL,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å

e7ehgC1[C:3-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e7ehgD1[D:3-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e1uyxA1[A:1-130] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.470Å

e1uyxB1[B:1-130] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.470Å

e7ehgF1[F:3-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e1uy0A1[A:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA,CL,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å

e7ehgG1[G:4-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e7ehgH1[H:4-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

MiXBM ; ligands: CA,GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å

e1uyzB1[B:1-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULASE B ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.6Å

e1naeA1[A:20-148] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

PUTATIVE XYLANASE ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.05Å

e1o8sA1[A:19-150] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

PUTATIVE ENDO-XYLANASE ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.15Å

e1uy2A1[A:14-144] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE A ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.700Å

e1uy1A1[A:14-145] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE A ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.800Å

e1uy4A1[A:14-145] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE A ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.690Å

e1o8pA1[A:19-148] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

PUTATUVE ENDO-XYLANASE ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.990Å

e1uy3A1[A:14-145] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE A ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.890Å

e1uxxX1[X:6-130] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

XYLANASE U ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.6Å

e1gmmA1[A:4-129] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CBM6 ; ligands: CA,NA,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.0Å

e1w9wA1[A:7-140] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BH0236 PROTEIN ; ligands: NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.1Å

e1w9tB1[B:7-140] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BH0236 PROTEIN ; ligands: NA,XYP,XYS ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.62Å

e1w9sB1[B:7-140] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BH0236 PROTEIN ; ligands: GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.59Å

e1w9tA1[A:7-140] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BH0236 PROTEIN ; ligands: NA,XYP,XYS ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.62Å

e1ux7A1[A:12-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE D ; ligands: CA,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.5Å

e2v4vA1[A:922-1050] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

GH59 GALACTOSIDASE ; ligands: NA,XYP ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.5Å

e2wz8A1[A:7-149] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CELLULOSOME PROTEIN DOCKERIN TYPE I ; ligands: CA,MG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.5Å

e2cdoA1[A:1-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.64Å

e2dcjA2[A:205-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

XYLANASE J ; ligands: CA,GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.24Å

e2w1wA1[A:2-131] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

LIPOLYTIC ENZYME, G-D-S-L ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.55Å

e2w3jA1[A:1-137] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CARBOHYDRATE BINDING MODULE ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.7Å

e2w46A1[A:8-147] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ESTERASE D ; ligands: CA,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.90Å

e2cdpA1[A:1-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.590Å

e2cdpB1[B:3-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.590Å

e2cdpC1[C:4-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.590Å

e2cdpD1[D:3-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.590Å

e2cdoB1[B:2-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.64Å

e2cdoC1[C:3-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.64Å

e2cdoD1[D:2-138] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BETA-AGARASE 1 ; ligands: CA,CL,EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.64Å

e2dcjB2[B:208-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

XYLANASE J ; ligands: CA,GOL,MPD ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.24Å

e2dckA2[A:209-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

XYLANASE J ; ligands: CA,GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.1Å

e2w1wB1[B:2-133] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

LIPOLYTIC ENZYME, G-D-S-L ; ligands: CA,GOL,PO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.55Å

e2w46B1[B:10-147] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ESTERASE D ; ligands: CA,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.90Å

e2w47A1[A:2-136] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

LIPOLYTIC ENZYME, G-D-S-L ; ligands: CA,UNF ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.40Å

e2w87A1[A:9-147] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ESTERASE D ; ligands: CA,GCU,UNL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.6Å

e2w87B1[B:9-147] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ESTERASE D ; ligands: CA,GCU,UNL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.6Å

e4kwuA1[A:966-1091] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

Lmo2446 protein ; ligands: CA,GLC ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.90Å

e3c7gA5[A:351-487] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE ; ligands: CA,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.02Å

e2y8kA4[A:362-517] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CARBOHYDRATE BINDING FAMILY 6 ; ligands: CA,GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.47Å

e3c7eA5[A:351-487] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.0Å

e3c7hA5[A:351-487] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.8Å

e3c7oA5[A:351-487] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,FMT,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.8Å

e3c7fA5[A:351-487] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,4-BETA-XYLANASE ; ligands: CA,FMT,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.55Å

e4kmqA6[A:966-1091] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Lmo2446 protein ; ligands: MG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.90Å

e4qawA3[A:396-537] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawB3[B:396-534] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawC3[C:396-534] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawD3[D:397-534] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawE3[E:396-534] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawF3[F:396-534] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawG3[G:396-534] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qawH3[H:396-533] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.40Å

e4qb1A1[A:14-141] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA,GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.18Å

e4qb2A1[A:13-141] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: BDP,CA,GCU ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.5Å

e4qb6A1[A:13-141] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Xyn30D ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.35Å

e4crrA1[A:262-385] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: APY,CA,GOL

e5fuiA1[A:262-385] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

ENDO-1,3-BETA-GLUCANASE, FAMILY GH16 ; ligands: APY,GOL,MG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.40Å

e5g56A4[A:402-515] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

CARBOHYDRATE BINDING FAMILY 6 ; ligands: CA,MPD ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.64Å

e5la0A2[A:372-384,A:406-516] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Carbohydrate binding family 6 ; ligands: ARA,CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å

e5f7uA2[A:966-1091] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Cycloalternan-forming enzyme ; ligands: GLC,MG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.70Å

e5la1A1[A:362-516] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Carbohydrate binding family 6 ; ligands: 144,CA,XYB ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.90Å

e5la2A1[A:363-516] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Carbohydrate binding family 6 ; ligands: ARB,CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å

e5la2B1[B:363-516] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Carbohydrate binding family 6 ; ligands: ARB,CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å

e5i0dA1[A:966-1091] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Lmo2446 protein ; ligands: CA,GLC ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.77Å

e5i0dB1[B:966-1091] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Lmo2446 protein ; ligands: CA,CL,GLC ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.77Å

e5hpoA1[A:935-1060] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Lmo2446 protein ; ligands: CA,CEX,CL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.80Å

e5hxmA4[A:935-1060] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Alpha-xylosidase ; ligands: CA,CL,GLC ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.90Å

e6kjlA1[A:207-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,EPE,GOL,MPD ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.45Å

e6kjlB1[B:204-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,EPE,GOL,MPD ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.45Å

e6kkaA2[A:204-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,EPE,GOL,MPD ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.36Å

e6kkaB2[B:204-327] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase ; ligands: CA,EPE,GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.36Å

e8hcjD3[D:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjE3[E:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjH3[H:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjA3[A:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjB3[B:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjG3[G:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjC3[C:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e8hcjF3[F:351-453] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH

; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å

e1w9sA1[A:7-140] nonrep Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI

BH0236 PROTEIN ; ligands: GOL,NA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.59Å

F: Unmapped domains

Pseudo group of domains that do not map to PFam family profiles. Domains inside should not be considered as in one family.

X: Glycosyl hydrolase domain-like

some similarity with Ig fold

beta duplicates or obligate multimersbeta duplicates or monomers associate together to form a compact domain

beta complex topologybeta domains with complex and unique topology that cannot be described as barrel or sandwich or meander

a+b two layersone alpha-helix layer and one beta-sheet layer

a+b three layersone mainly antiparallel beta-sheet layer sandwiched between two alpha-helix layers

a+b four layerstwo beta-sheet layers sandwiched between two alpha-helix layers

a+b complex topologyalpha and beta domain with complex and unique topology that cannot be described in layers

a+b duplicates or obligate multimersalpha and beta duplicates or monomers associated together to form a compact domain

a/b barrelsrepeating beta-alpha units form a barrel

a/b three-layered sandwichesrepeating beta-alpha units form a sandwich with a mainly parallel beta-sheet layer stacked between two alpha-helix layers

mixed a+b and a/balpha and beta domain consists of both a+b and a/b regions

few secondary structure elementsstabilized by cofactors or disulfides

extended segmentsextended, non-globular segments, frequently bind to other proteins to form complexes