Evolutionary classification of protein domain structures
alpha arraysalpha-helix arrays with mainly perpendicular helices
alpha bundlesalpha-helix bundles with mainly parallel helices
alpha superhelicesrepeating alpha-helix hairpins form a superhelix
alpha duplicates or obligate multimersalpha duplicates or monomers associate together to form a compact domain
alpha complex topologyalpha domain with complex and unique topology that cannot be described as array or bundle or superhelix
beta barrelssingle beta-sheet folded upon itself to form a barrel
beta meanderssingle beta-sheet with mainly meander topology
beta sandwichestwo beta-sheets stacked together to form a sandwich




Representatives:
e1k5nA1[A:182-276]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULE HLA-B*2709 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.09Å
e1k5nB1[B:0-99]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN, LIGHT CHAIN ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.09Å
e1mjuH2[H:114-230]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IMMUNOGLOBULIN MS6-12 ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.22Å
e1mjuL2[L:108-214]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IMMUNOGLOBULIN MS6-12 ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.22Å
e7cdiL1[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
antibody P2C-1F11 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.96Å
e7ld1N2[N:133-239] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH1047 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ld1O2[O:133-239] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH1047 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ld1L2[L:133-239] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH1047 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6zlrLLL2[LLL:114-219] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CR3022 FAB LIGHT CHAIN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.09Å
e6zlrCCC1[CCC:114-219] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CR3022 FAB LIGHT CHAIN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.09Å
e6zlrGGG1[GGG:114-219] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CR3022 FAB LIGHT CHAIN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.09Å
e6vvuF2[F:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab E104.v1 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.0Å
e6vvuI1[I:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab E104.v1 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.0Å
e6vvuK2[K:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab E104.v1 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.0Å
e6vvuL2[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab E104.v1 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.0Å
e7lkaL1[L:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COV107-23 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.980Å
e7lkaB1[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COV107-23 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.980Å
e7b3oL2[L:109-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light Chain of Fab Fragment ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.000Å
e7kqgC2[C:107-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
1272 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.600Å
e7kqiC1[C:107-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
1209 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 4.200Å
e6xobN1[N:107-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EEEV-143 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6xobP2[P:107-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EEEV-143 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6xobR1[R:107-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EEEV-143 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6xobT1[T:107-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EEEV-143 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7dpmK2[K:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
light chain of MW06 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.300Å
e7bscL1[L:131-234] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
1G5.3 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.30Å
e6vmjA2[A:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab20D12 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.950Å
e6vmjE1[E:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab20D12 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.950Å
e6vmjI2[I:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab20D12 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.950Å
e6vmjL2[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab20D12 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.950Å
e6vmkL2[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkA2[A:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkD1[D:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkG2[G:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkJ2[J:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkO2[O:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkR2[R:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkU1[U:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkY1[Y:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkb2[b:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmke1[e:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkh2[h:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkk2[k:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkn2[n:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkq2[q:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e6vmkt2[t:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab Y49R light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.001Å
e7lkaD2[D:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COV107-23 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.980Å
e7lkaF1[F:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COV107-23 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.980Å
e7bsdB1[B:131-236] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
1G5.3 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.50Å
e7bsdL2[L:131-236] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
1G5.3 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.50Å
e7chzL1[L:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
light chain of antibody binding fragment of IgG26A ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.48Å
e6v4qL2[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Naive-1 Fab light chain ; ligands: GOL,IPA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.390Å
e6v4rL2[L:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Chimera-1 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.480Å
e7kfvD2[D:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
light chain of antibody C1A-B3 Fab ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.10Å
e7kfvG2[G:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
light chain of antibody C1A-B3 Fab ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.10Å
e7kfvL2[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
light chain of antibody C1A-B3 Fab ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.10Å
e7jicL1[L:107-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI
Coltuximab Light Chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6wzjB1[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.37Å
e6wzjD1[D:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.37Å
e6wzkB1[B:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.80Å
e6wzkD2[D:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.80Å
e6wzlB1[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.29Å
e6wzlD2[D:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.29Å
e6wzmB2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.28Å
e6wzmD2[D:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY3041658 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.28Å
e6lunB1[B:131-237] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
NN2101 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.9Å
e6lunD2[D:131-237] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
NN2101 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.9Å
e6xcjL2[L:113-219] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH650 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.80Å
e7kraJ1[J:127-234] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab DH4 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ktxJ1[J:127-234] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab DH4 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7l0nL1[L:109-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Monoclonal antibody S304 Fab light chain ; ligands: CL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.780Å
e7l0nN2[N:109-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Monoclonal antibody S304 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.780Å
e6yioL1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
FAB FRGAMENT LIGHT CHAIN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.83Å
e7kmiB1[B:109-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
LY-CoV481 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.73Å
e7kgvE2[E:112-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Monoclonal antibody Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.40Å
e7kgvF1[F:112-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Monoclonal antibody Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.40Å
e7l02K2[K:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
2G12 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7l06E1[E:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
2G12 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7l06K1[K:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
2G12 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7l09K2[K:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
2G12 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7kzxC1[C:110-202] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab2R light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7kzxE1[E:110-202] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab2R light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7kzzE2[E:110-202] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab2R light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7kzzC2[C:110-202] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab2R light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6xy2L1[L:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.95Å
e6zvfL2[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Chimeric Fab M3/38 (L,H) ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.661Å
e7lm8N1[N:108-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CV38-142 Fab light chain ; ligands: EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.936Å
e7czqK1[K:109-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7jtgB2[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
RM11-43 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.6Å
e7kzcL2[L:108-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab light chain of m396-B10 antibody ; ligands: CL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.300Å
e7jlnB1[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
iv9 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.57Å
e7jtfB2[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
RM2-01 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.35Å
e6wk4B1[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
13E2 Fab Light Chain ; ligands: TRS ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.1Å
e6wklB2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
BAP050 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.89Å
e7jlkB2[B:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
glVRC01 Light Chain ; ligands: CL,EDO,NA,PEG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.99Å
e6lynB2[B:111-218] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
AA98 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.776Å
e7eamL1[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI
the light chain of Fab fragment of antibody 7D6 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.40Å
e7kylL1[L:107-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
POWV-80 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.000Å
e6lbhD1[D:113-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7bxvL2[L:113-217] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI
Fab of the 11A1 antibody L chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.75Å
e7bepB2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-384 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.61Å
e7cgwB1[B:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light chain of tislelizumab Fab ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.2Å
e7c88L2[L:130-234] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
JS003 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.9960Å
e7luag2[g:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH898.1 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ll1L1[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
VRC40.01 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7l5jL1[L:107-210] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Anti mouse norovirus mAb A6.2 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ll2L2[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
VRC33.01 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7d0cL1[L:109-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light chain of P5A-3A1 ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ljrT1[T:127-232] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab DH1043 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7nx6B1[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-222 Fab light chain ; ligands: GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.25Å
e7bq5L1[L:108-211] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Z6 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.99Å
e7lopY1[Y:108-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CV05-163 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.246Å
e6u6mL2[L:107-210] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH840.1 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.683Å
e6wjlL1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
D3 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.3Å
e6wvzL1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light Chain of anti-MET Fab of amivantamab ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.100Å
e7jwpB2[B:111-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e6wztL1[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Cyno antibody light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6yhqL2[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab F5.18.6 anti-Plasmodium vivax AMA1, kappa light chain ; ligands: SCN,ZN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.89Å
e7kzaL1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab fragment light chain of anti-CoV2-RBD antibody variant CR3022-B6 ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.690Å
e7nx6L2[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EY6A Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.25Å
e6w73L1[L:108-211] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
HmAb64 fab light chain ; ligands: CA ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.8Å
e7bepL2[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
S309 light chain ; ligands: CL,GLU,GLY ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.61Å
e7duoL2[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.81Å
e7lopC1[C:108-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CR3022 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.246Å
e7czxK1[K:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7jr7D2[D:109-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI
Fab 11F4 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7nehL1[L:109-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-269 fab light chain ; ligands: EDO,NO3,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.77Å
e7belB1[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-45 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.53Å
e7lm8L1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVA1-16 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.936Å
e7ntcL2[L:127-232] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
P008_056 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6u6oL2[L:107-210] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH846 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.8Å
e7beiL1[L:110-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-150 light chain ; ligands: CL,NO3 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.3Å
e6wkmL1[L:112-218] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
22D2 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.1Å
e6w51N1[N:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin light chain H2 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.530Å
e7lseL1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
T025 Fab Light Chain ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.350Å
e7eanL1[L:107-210] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light chain of SARS-CoV-2 cross-neutralizing mAb 6D6 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.91Å
e6wwcB2[B:113-218] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
vFP16.02 antibody light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å
e6wx2B1[B:113-218] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
vFP16.02 antibody light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.39Å
e7kq7L2[L:112-217] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Antibody light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.2Å
e6wlaL12[L1:107-211] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab ch128.1 light chain ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.600Å
e7czrK1[K:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IGL c4203_light_IGKV1-9_IGKJ4,IGL c4203_light_IGKV1-9_IGKJ4,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7dr4D1[D:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
anti-human IL-2 antibody, mouse Ig G, kappa chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.49Å
e7benB2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-75 light chain ; ligands: BR,GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.50Å
e6xocB1[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IV4 Fab Light Chain ; ligands: EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.45Å
e7jr7F2[F:109-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI
Fab 2E10 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7benL1[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-253 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.50Å
e7ce2B2[B:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
neutralizing antibody light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.01Å
e6wjuA2[A:113-219] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
4A10 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.1Å
e7czuN1[N:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czuK2[K:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czvK2[K:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czvM2[M:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czvN1[N:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7lm9L1[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CV38-142 Fab light chain ; ligands: EDO ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.527Å
e7czqN2[N:109-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7kzcD2[D:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab light chain of m396-B10 antibody ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.300Å
e7jtfD1[D:108-212] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH
RM2-01 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.35Å
e6lynL1[L:111-217] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
AA98 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.776Å
e7eamD2[D:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATHDOI
the light chain of Fab fragment of antibody 7D6 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.40Å
e7kylY2[Y:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
POWV-80 Fab light chain ; ligands: CL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.000Å
e6lbhF2[F:113-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7bepF2[F:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-384 light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.61Å
e7nd8L1[L:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-384 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7c88B2[B:130-234] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
JS003 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.9960Å
e7cgwL1[L:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light chain of tislelizumab Fab ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.2Å
e7luaj1[j:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
DH898.1 light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ll1F1[F:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
VRC40.01 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ll1K2[K:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
VRC40.01 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7dr4B2[B:109-208] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
anti-human IL-2 antibody, mouse Ig G, kappa chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.49Å
e7l5jX1[X:107-210] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Anti mouse norovirus mAb A6.2 Fab light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ll2J2[J:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
VRC33.01 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7ll2M1[M:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
VRC33.01 Fab Light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7d0cF2[F:109-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Light chain of P5A-3A1 ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7nx7B2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-222 Fab light chain ; ligands: GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.3Å
e7nx8B2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-222 Fab light chain ; ligands: CL,PEG,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å
e7nx9B2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-222 Fab light chain ; ligands: SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.4Å
e7nxaB1[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-222 Fab light chain ; ligands: GOL,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å
e7nxbB2[B:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
COVOX-222 Fab light chain ; ligands: SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.67Å
e7bq5D1[D:108-211] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Z6 Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.99Å
e6wwcH1[H:113-218] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
vFP16.02 antibody light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å
e6wx2L1[L:113-218] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
vFP16.02 antibody light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.39Å
e6wjlJ2[J:108-213] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
D3 Fab Light Chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.3Å
e7czxM2[M:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czxN1[N:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Uncharacterized protein ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czyK2[K:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Immunoglobulin kappa constant ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czyN2[N:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Immunoglobulin kappa constant ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czzK2[K:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Immunoglobulin kappa constant ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czzM2[M:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Immunoglobulin kappa constant ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7czzN1[N:114-220] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
IG c168_light_IGKV4-1_IGKJ4,Immunoglobulin kappa constant ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7lopV2[V:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
CR3022 Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.246Å
e7jwpD1[D:111-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwpF2[F:111-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwpH1[H:111-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwpJ1[J:111-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwpL1[L:111-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwpN1[N:111-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwpP2[P:111-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3Å
e7jwqB1[B:111-216] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2Å
e7jwqD1[D:111-215] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Fab CJ11 Light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2Å
e6wztD2[D:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Cyno antibody light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e6wztF2[F:108-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
Cyno antibody light chain ; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
e7nx7L1[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EY6A Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.3Å
e7nx9L1[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EY6A Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.4Å
e7nxaL1[L:109-214] Image Pymol Jmol Links: PDB, SCOP, CATH, PubMed, DOI
EY6A Fab light chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å
Previous Nexte1ogaE2[E:119-245]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
T-CELL RECEPTOR BETA CHAIN C REGION ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.4Å
e1l6xA1[A:237-341]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
IMMUNOGLOBULIN GAMMA-1 HEAVY CHAIN CONSTANT REGION ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å
e1l6xA2[A:342-443]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
IMMUNOGLOBULIN GAMMA-1 HEAVY CHAIN CONSTANT REGION ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.65Å
e1rzfL2[L:109-210]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
FAB E51 LIGHT CHAIN ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.7Å
e2h26A1[A:184-279]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
T-CELL SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN CD1B ; ligands: GOL ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.8Å
e1uvqA1[A:85-183]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
HLA CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN ; ligands: GLY,NAG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.800Å
e1uvqB1[B:95-191]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
HLA CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.800Å
e1u58A1[A:145-242]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
MHC-I HOMOLOG M144 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.9Å
e2fbjH2[H:119-220]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH
IGA-KAPPA J539 FAB (HEAVY CHAIN) ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1.95Å
e3fruA1[A:179-269]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
NEONATAL FC RECEPTOR ; ligands: NAG,SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.2Å
e1dn0B2[B:121-225]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
IGM-KAPPA COLD AGGLUTININ (HEAVY CHAIN) ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.28Å
e1fp5A1[A:336-438]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IGE HEAVY CHAIN EPSILON-1 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.3Å
e1fp5A2[A:439-543]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IGE HEAVY CHAIN EPSILON-1 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.3Å
e1hdmA1[A:94-196]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
PROTEIN (CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN, M ALPHA CHAIN) ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å
e1hdmB1[B:88-185]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
PROTEIN (CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN, M BETA CHAIN) ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.5Å
e3pl6A2[A:83-180]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
MHC class II HLA-DQ-alpha chain ; ligands: NAG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.55Å
e1o0vA1[A:228-330]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
Immunoglobulin heavy chain epsilon-1 ; ligands: SO4 ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.6Å
e1hyrC1[C:181-274]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
MHC CLASS I CHAIN-RELATED PROTEIN A ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.7Å
e1hzhH6[H:114-235]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.70Å
e1hzhH7[H:236-359]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN ; ligands: BMA,GAL,MAN,NAG ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.70Å
e1hzhH8[H:360-478]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.70Å
e3rdtC2[C:83-178]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
H-2 class II histocompatibility antigen, A-B alpha chain ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.70Å
e1hxmA2[A:121-206]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
GAMMA-DELTA T-CELL RECEPTOR ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.00Å
e1hxmB2[B:124-230]
nonrep
Image
Pymol
Jmol Links:
PDB,
SCOP,
CATH, PubMed,
DOI
GAMMA-DELTA T-CELL RECEPTOR ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.00Å

Pseudo group of domains that do not map to PFam family profiles. Domains inside should not be considered as in one family.
beta duplicates or obligate multimersbeta duplicates or monomers associate together to form a compact domain
beta complex topologybeta domains with complex and unique topology that cannot be described as barrel or sandwich or meander
a+b two layersone alpha-helix layer and one beta-sheet layer
a+b three layersone mainly antiparallel beta-sheet layer sandwiched between two alpha-helix layers
a+b four layerstwo beta-sheet layers sandwiched between two alpha-helix layers
a+b complex topologyalpha and beta domain with complex and unique topology that cannot be described in layers
a+b duplicates or obligate multimersalpha and beta duplicates or monomers associated together to form a compact domain
a/b barrelsrepeating beta-alpha units form a barrel
a/b three-layered sandwichesrepeating beta-alpha units form a sandwich with a mainly parallel beta-sheet layer stacked between two alpha-helix layers
mixed a+b and a/balpha and beta domain consists of both a+b and a/b regions
few secondary structure elementsstabilized by cofactors or disulfides
extended segmentsextended, non-globular segments, frequently bind to other proteins to form complexes