Plays a fundamental role as a protein essential for entry into mitosis (G2/M progression) as well as for chromosome segregation during mitosis. May play a role in mitotic spindle formation and/or function. May have a role in the maintenance or establishment of the steady-state level of the APC complex.
It is a component of U5 snRNP, which pre-assembles with U4/U6 snRNPs to form a [U4/U6:U5] tri-snRNP complex required for pre-mRNA splicing. Dim1 interacts with multiple splicing-associated proteins, suggesting that it functions at multiple control points in the splicing of pre-mRNA as part of a large spliceosomal complex involving many protein-protein interactions. U5 snRNP contains seven core proteins (common to all snRNPs) and nine U5-specific proteins, one of which is Dim1. Dim1 adopts a thioredoxin fold but does not contain the redox active CXXC motif. It is essential for G2/M phase transition, as a consequence to its role in pre-mRNA splicing. Length = 114
>gnl|CDD|239284 cd02986, DLP, Dim1 family, Dim1-like protein (DLP) subfamily; DLP is a novel protein which shares 38% sequence identity to Dim1
Like Dim1, it is also implicated in pre-mRNA splicing and cell cycle progression. DLP is located in the nucleus and has been shown to interact with the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP)-specific 102kD protein (or Prp6). Dim1 protein, also known as U5 snRNP-specific 15kD protein is a component of U5 snRNP, which pre-assembles with U4/U6 snRNPs to form a [U4/U6:U5] tri-snRNP complex required for pre-mRNA splicing. Dim1 adopts a thioredoxin fold but does not contain the redox active CXXC motif. Length = 114
U5 snRNP/mitosis protein DIM1 [RNA processing and modification; Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning]
>PF02966 DIM1: Mitosis protein DIM1; InterPro: IPR004123 Thioredoxins [, , , ] are small disulphide-containing redox proteins that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms
Probab=100.00 E-value=2.1e-65 Score=375.63 Aligned_cols=98 Identities=80% Similarity=1.372 Sum_probs=91.3
Q ss_pred CcchHHHHHhHHhhhcceEEEEEeCCCcccccccccccccceEEEEEeCceeEEecCCCCCceEEeecCChhHHHHHHHH
Q 034085 1 MQMDEVLSSVAETIKNFAVIYLVDISEVPDFNTMYELYDPSTVMFFFRNKHIMIDLGTGNNNKINWALKDKQEFIDIVET 80 (104)
Q Consensus 1 m~mDe~L~~~a~~v~~fa~IY~vDi~eVpdfn~myeL~dP~tvMFFfrnkHm~vD~GTgnnnKin~~~~~kQefIDiie~ 80 (104)
|+|||+|+++|++|||||+||+||++|||+||+||||+||||+||||||||||||+||||||||||++++|||||||||+
T Consensus 36 m~mDeiL~~~a~~v~~~a~IY~vDi~~Vpdfn~~yel~dP~tvmFF~rnkhm~vD~GtgnnnKin~~~~~kqe~iDiie~ 115 (133)
T PF02966_consen 36 MQMDEILYKIAEKVKNFAVIYLVDIDEVPDFNQMYELYDPCTVMFFFRNKHMMVDFGTGNNNKINWAFEDKQEFIDIIET 115 (133)
T ss_dssp HHHHHHHHHHHHHHTTTEEEEEEETTTTHCCHHHTTS-SSEEEEEEETTEEEEEESSSSSSSSBCS--SCHHHHHHHHHH
T ss_pred HHHHHHHHHHHHHhhcceEEEEEEcccchhhhcccccCCCeEEEEEecCeEEEEEecCCCccEEEEEcCcHHHHHHHHHH
Confidence 78999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
Q ss_pred HhhccccCceeEEccCCc
Q 034085 81 VYRGARKGRGLVIAPKDY 98 (104)
Q Consensus 81 iyrgA~kGkglV~sP~dy 98 (104)
|||||+||||||+||+||
T Consensus 116 iyrga~kGk~iv~sP~dy 133 (133)
T PF02966_consen 116 IYRGARKGKGIVVSPKDY 133 (133)
T ss_dssp HHHHHHTT-SEEE-SS-G
T ss_pred HHHHhhcCCeeEeCCCCC
Confidence 999999999999999998
Thioredoxin serves as a general protein disulphide oxidoreductase. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of 2 cysteine thiol groups to a disulphide, accompanied by the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulphide and a dithiol. Compared to human thioredoxin, human U5 snRNP-specific protein U5-15kDa contains 37 additional residues that may cause structural changes which most likely form putative binding sites for other spliceosomal proteins or RNA. Although U5-15kDa apparently lacks protein disulphide isomerase activity, it is strictly required for pre-mRNA splicing [].; GO: 0007067 mitosis, 0005681 spliceosomal complex; PDB: 1SYX_E 1PQN_A 1QGV_A 2AV4_A 1XBS_A 3GIX_A.
Like Dim1, it is also implicated in pre-mRNA splicing and cell cycle progression. DLP is located in the nucleus and has been shown to interact with the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP)-specific 102kD protein (or Prp6). Dim1 protein, also known as U5 snRNP-specific 15kD protein is a component of U5 snRNP, which pre-assembles with U4/U6 snRNPs to form a [U4/U6:U5] tri-snRNP complex required for pre-mRNA splicing. Dim1 adopts a thioredoxin fold but does not contain the redox active CXXC motif.
>cd02954 DIM1 Dim1 family; Dim1 is also referred to as U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP)-specific 15kD protein
It is a component of U5 snRNP, which pre-assembles with U4/U6 snRNPs to form a [U4/U6:U5] tri-snRNP complex required for pre-mRNA splicing. Dim1 interacts with multiple splicing-associated proteins, suggesting that it functions at multiple control points in the splicing of pre-mRNA as part of a large spliceosomal complex involving many protein-protein interactions. U5 snRNP contains seven core proteins (common to all snRNPs) and nine U5-specific proteins, one of which is Dim1. Dim1 adopts a thioredoxin fold but does not contain the redox active CXXC motif. It is essential for G2/M phase transition, as a consequence to its role in pre-mRNA splicing.
>cd02984 TRX_PICOT TRX domain, PICOT (for PKC-interacting cousin of TRX) subfamily; PICOT is a protein that interacts with protein kinase C (PKC) theta, a calcium independent PKC isoform selectively expressed in skeletal muscle and T lymphocytes
PICOT contains an N-terminal TRX-like domain, which does not contain the catalytic CXXC motif, followed by one to three glutaredoxin domains. The TRX-like domain is required for interaction with PKC theta. PICOT inhibits the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the transcription factors, AP-1 and NF-kB, induced by PKC theta or T-cell activating stimuli.
>PF00085 Thioredoxin: Thioredoxin; InterPro: IPR013766 Thioredoxins [, , , ] are small disulphide-containing redox proteins that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms
Thioredoxin serves as a general protein disulphide oxidoreductase. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of two cysteine thiol groups to a disulphide, accompanied by the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulphide and a dithiol. In the NADPH-dependent protein disulphide reduction, thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyses the reduction of oxidised thioredoxin (trx) by NADPH using FAD and its redox-active disulphide; reduced thioredoxin then directly reduces the disulphide in the substrate protein []. Thioredoxin is present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the sequence around the redox-active disulphide bond is well conserved. All thioredoxins contain a cis-proline located in a loop preceding beta-strand 4, which makes contact with the active site cysteines, and is important for stability and function []. Thioredoxin belongs to a structural family that includes glutaredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, bacterial protein disulphide isomerase DsbA, and the N-terminal domain of glutathione transferase []. Thioredoxins have a beta-alpha unit preceding the motif common to all these proteins. A number of eukaryotic proteins contain domains evolutionary related to thioredoxin, most of them are protein disulphide isomerases (PDI). PDI (5.3.4.1 from EC) [, , ] is an endoplasmic reticulum multi-functional enzyme that catalyses the formation and rearrangement of disulphide bonds during protein folding []. All PDI contains two or three (ERp72) copies of the thioredoxin domain, each of which contributes to disulphide isomerase activity, but which are functionally non-equivalent []. Moreover, PDI exhibits chaperone-like activity towards proteins that contain no disulphide bonds, i.e. behaving independently of its disulphide isomerase activity []. The various forms of PDI which are currently known are: PDI major isozyme; a multifunctional protein that also function as the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (1.14.11.2 from EC), as a component of oligosaccharyl transferase (2.4.1.119 from EC), as thyroxine deiodinase (3.8.1.4 from EC), as glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (1.8.4.2 from EC) and as a thyroid hormone-binding protein ERp60 (ER-60; 58 Kd microsomal protein). ERp60 was originally thought to be a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isozyme and later to be a protease. ERp72. ERp5. Bacterial proteins that act as thiol:disulphide interchange proteins that allows disulphide bond formation in some periplasmic proteins also contain a thioredoxin domain. These proteins include: Escherichia coli DsbA (or PrfA) and its orthologs in Vibrio cholerae (TtcpG) and Haemophilus influenzae (Por). E. coli DsbC (or XpRA) and its orthologues in Erwinia chrysanthemi and H. influenzae. E. coli DsbD (or DipZ) and its H. influenzae orthologue. E. coli DsbE (or CcmG) and orthologues in H. influenzae. Rhodobacter capsulatus (Rhodopseudomonas capsulata) (HelX), Rhiziobiacae (CycY and TlpA). This entry represents the thioredoxin domain.; GO: 0045454 cell redox homeostasis; PDB: 3ED3_B 1EP7_A 1EP8_B 1TOF_A 2OE3_B 2OE1_B 2OE0_B 1V98_A 3H79_A 3CXG_A ....
>PRK11509 hydrogenase-1 operon protein HyaE; Provisional
>cd02975 PfPDO_like_N Pyrococcus furiosus protein disulfide oxidoreductase (PfPDO)-like family, N-terminal TRX-fold subdomain; composed of proteins with similarity to PfPDO, a redox active thermostable protein believed to be the archaeal counterpart of bacterial DsbA and eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which are both involved in oxidative protein folding
PfPDO contains two redox active CXXC motifs in two contiguous TRX-fold subdomains. The active site in the N-terminal TRX-fold subdomain is required for isomerase but not for reductase activity of PfPDO. The exclusive presence of PfPDO-like proteins in extremophiles may suggest that they have a special role in adaptation to extreme conditions.
>cd02965 HyaE HyaE family; HyaE is also called HupG and HoxO
They are proteins serving a critical role in the assembly of multimeric [NiFe] hydrogenases, the enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of molecular hydrogen to enable microorganisms to utilize hydrogen as the sole energy source. The E. coli HyaE protein is a chaperone that specifically interacts with the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) signal peptide of the [NiFe] hydrogenase-1 beta subunit precursor. Tat signal peptides target precursor proteins to the Tat protein export system, which facilitates the transport of fully folded proteins across the inner membrane. HyaE may be involved in regulating the traffic of [NiFe] hydrogenase-1 on the Tat transport pathway.
>cd03065 PDI_b_Calsequestrin_N PDIb family, Calsequestrin subfamily, N-terminal TRX-fold domain; Calsequestrin is the major calcium storage protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal and cardiac muscle
It stores calcium ions in sufficient quantities (up to 20 mM) to allow repetitive contractions and is essential to maintain movement, respiration and heart beat. A missense mutation in human cardiac calsequestrin is associated with catecholamine-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a rare disease characterized by seizures or sudden death in response to physiologic or emotional stress. Calsequestrin is a highly acidic protein with up to 50 calcium binding sites formed simply by the clustering of two or more acidic residues. The monomer contains three redox inactive TRX-fold domains. Calsequestrin is condensed as a linear polymer in the SR lumen and is membrane-anchored through binding with intra-membrane proteins triadin, junctin and ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2
>cd02982 PDI_b'_family Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDIb') family, redox inactive TRX-like domain b'; composed of eukaryotic proteins involved in oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by acting as catalysts and folding assistants
Members of this family include PDI, calsequestrin and other PDI-related proteins like ERp72, ERp57 (or ERp60), ERp44, P5 and PDIR. PDI, ERp57, ERp72, P5 and PDIR are all oxidases, catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds of newly synthesized polypeptides in the ER. They also exhibit reductase activity in acting as isomerases to correct any non-native disulfide bonds, as well as chaperone activity to prevent protein aggregation and facilitate the folding of newly synthesized proteins. These proteins contain multiple copies of a redox active TRX (a) domain containing a CXXC motif, and one or more redox inactive TRX-like (b) domains. The molecular structure of PDI is abb'a'. Also included in this family is the PDI-related protein ERp27, w
>cd02989 Phd_like_TxnDC9 Phosducin (Phd)-like family, Thioredoxin (TRX) domain containing protein 9 (TxnDC9) subfamily; composed of predominantly uncharacterized eukaryotic proteins, containing a TRX-like domain without the redox active CXXC motif
The gene name for the human protein is TxnDC9. The two characterized members are described as Phd-like proteins, PLP1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and PhLP3 of Dictyostelium discoideum. Gene disruption experiments show that both PLP1 and PhLP3 are non-essential proteins. Unlike Phd and most Phd-like proteins, members of this group do not contain the Phd N-terminal helical domain which is implicated in binding to the G protein betagamma subunit.
>cd02947 TRX_family TRX family; composed of two groups: Group I, which includes proteins that exclusively encode a TRX domain; and Group II, which are composed of fusion proteins of TRX and additional domains
Group I TRX is a small ancient protein that alter the redox state of target proteins via the reversible oxidation of an active site dithiol, present in a CXXC motif, partially exposed at the protein's surface. TRX reduces protein disulfide bonds, resulting in a disulfide bond at its active site. Oxidized TRX is converted to the active form by TRX reductase, using reducing equivalents derived from either NADPH or ferredoxins. By altering their redox state, TRX regulates the functions of at least 30 target proteins, some of which are enzymes and transcription factors. It also plays an important role in the defense against oxidative stress by directly reducing hydrogen peroxide and certain radicals, and by serving as a reductant for peroxiredoxins. At least two major types of functio
>TIGR01126 pdi_dom protein disulfide-isomerase domain
This model describes a domain of eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerases, generally found in two copies. The high cutoff for total score reflects the expectation of finding both copies. The domain is similar to thioredoxin but the redox-active disulfide region motif is APWCGHCK.
Several proteins, such as protein disulfide isomerase, have two or more copies of a domain closely related to thioredoxin. This model is designed to recognize authentic thioredoxin, a small protein that should be hit exactly once by this model.
>cd03001 PDI_a_P5 PDIa family, P5 subfamily; composed of eukaryotic proteins similar to human P5, a PDI-related protein with a domain structure of aa'b (where a and a' are redox active TRX domains and b is a redox inactive TRX-like domain)
Like PDI, P5 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and displays both isomerase and chaperone activities, which are independent of each other. Compared to PDI, the isomerase and chaperone activities of P5 are lower. The first cysteine in the CXXC motif of both redox active domains in P5 is necessary for isomerase activity. The P5 gene was first isolated as an amplified gene from a hydroxyurea-resistant hamster cell line. The zebrafish P5 homolog has been implicated to play a critical role in establishing left/right asymmetries in the embryonic midline. Some members of this subfamily are P5-like proteins containing only one redox active TRX domain.
>cd03002 PDI_a_MPD1_like PDI family, MPD1-like subfamily; composed of eukaryotic proteins similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPD1 protein, which contains a single redox active TRX domain located at the N-terminus, and an ER retention signal at the C-terminus indicative of an ER-resident protein
MPD1 has been shown to suppress the maturation defect of carboxypeptidase Y caused by deletion of the yeast PDI1 gene. Other characterized members of this subfamily include the Aspergillus niger prpA protein and Giardia PDI-1. PrpA is non-essential to strain viability, however, its transcript level is induced by heterologous protein expression suggesting a possible role in oxidative protein folding during high protein production. Giardia PDI-1 has the ability to refold scrambled RNase and exhibits transglutaminase activity.
>cd03004 PDI_a_ERdj5_C PDIa family, C-terminal ERdj5 subfamily; ERdj5, also known as JPDI and macrothioredoxin, is a protein containing an N-terminal DnaJ domain and four redox active TRX domains
This subfamily is composed of the three TRX domains located at the C-terminal half of the protein. ERdj5 is a ubiquitous protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is abundant in secretory cells. It's transcription is induced during ER stress. It interacts with BiP through its DnaJ domain in an ATP-dependent manner. BiP, an ER-resident member of the Hsp70 chaperone family, functions in ER-associated degradation and protein translocation. Also included in the alignment is the single complete TRX domain of an uncharacterized protein from Tetraodon nigroviridis, which also contains a DnaJ domain at its N-terminus.
>cd02961 PDI_a_family Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDIa) family, redox active TRX domains; composed of eukaryotic proteins involved in oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by acting as catalysts and folding assistants
Members of this family include PDI and PDI-related proteins like ERp72, ERp57 (or ERp60), ERp44, P5, PDIR, ERp46 and the transmembrane PDIs. PDI, ERp57, ERp72, P5, PDIR and ERp46 are all oxidases, catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds of newly synthesized polypeptides in the ER. They also exhibit reductase activity in acting as isomerases to correct any non-native disulfide bonds, as well as chaperone activity to prevent protein aggregation and facilitate the folding of newly synthesized proteins. These proteins usually contain multiple copies of a redox active TRX (a) domain containing a CXXC motif, and may also contain one or more redox inactive TRX-like (b) domains. Only one a domain is required for the oxidase function but multiple copies
>cd02949 TRX_NTR TRX domain, novel NADPH thioredoxin reductase (NTR) family; composed of fusion proteins found only in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms containing both TRX and NTR domains
The TRX domain functions as a protein disulfide reductase via the reversible oxidation of an active center dithiol present in a CXXC motif, while the NTR domain functions as a reductant to oxidized TRX. The fusion protein is bifunctional, showing both TRX and NTR activities, but it is not an independent NTR/TRX system. In plants, the protein is found exclusively in shoots and mature leaves and is localized in the chloroplast. It is involved in plant protection against oxidative stress.
>cd02957 Phd_like Phosducin (Phd)-like family; composed of Phd and Phd-like proteins (PhLP), characterized as cytosolic regulators of G protein functions
Phd and PhLPs specifically bind G protein betagamma (Gbg)-subunits with high affinity, resulting in the solubilization of Gbg from the plasma membrane and impeding G protein-mediated signal transduction by inhibiting the formation of a functional G protein trimer (G protein alphabetagamma). Phd also inhibits the GTPase activity of G protein alpha. Phd can be phosphorylated by protein kinase A and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, leading to its inactivation. Phd was originally isolated from the retina, where it is highly expressed and has been implicated to play an important role in light adaptation. It is also found in the pineal gland, liver, spleen, striated muscle and the brain. The C-terminal domain of Phd adopts a thioredoxin fold, but it does not contain a CXXC motif. Phd interacts with G protein beta mostly through the N-te
>cd02962 TMX2 TMX2 family; composed of proteins similar to human TMX2, a 372-amino acid TRX-related transmembrane protein, identified and characterized through the cloning of its cDNA from a human fetal library
It contains a TRX domain but the redox active CXXC motif is replaced with SXXC. Sequence analysis predicts that TMX2 may be a Type I membrane protein, with its C-terminal half protruding on the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition to the TRX domain, transmembrane region and ER-retention signal, TMX2 also contains a Myb DNA-binding domain repeat signature and a dileucine motif in the tail.
>cd02963 TRX_DnaJ TRX domain, DnaJ domain containing protein family; composed of uncharacterized proteins of about 500-800 amino acids, containing an N-terminal DnaJ domain followed by one redox active TRX domain
DnaJ is a member of the 40 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp40) family of molecular chaperones, which regulate the activity of Hsp70s. TRX is involved in the redox regulation of many protein substrates through the reduction of disulfide bonds. TRX has been implicated to catalyse the reduction of Hsp33, a chaperone holdase that binds to unfolded protein intermediates. The presence of DnaJ and TRX domains in members of this family suggests that they could be involved in a redox-regulated chaperone network.
>cd03003 PDI_a_ERdj5_N PDIa family, N-terminal ERdj5 subfamily; ERdj5, also known as JPDI and macrothioredoxin, is a protein containing an N-terminal DnaJ domain and four redox active TRX domains
This subfamily is comprised of the first TRX domain of ERdj5 located after the DnaJ domain at the N-terminal half of the protein. ERdj5 is a ubiquitous protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is abundant in secretory cells. It's transcription is induced during ER stress. It interacts with BiP through its DnaJ domain in an ATP-dependent manner. BiP, an ER-resident member of the Hsp70 chaperone family, functions in ER-associated degradation and protein translocation.
>KOG0910 consensus Thioredoxin-like protein [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones]
Probab=86.93 E-value=4.4 Score=30.22 Aligned_cols=72 Identities=18% Similarity=0.231 Sum_probs=46.7
Q ss_pred chHHHHHhHHhhhcce-EEEEEeCCCcccccccccccccceEEEEEeCceeEEecCCCCCceEEeecCChhHHHHHHHHH
Q 034085 3 MDEVLSSVAETIKNFA-VIYLVDISEVPDFNTMYELYDPSTVMFFFRNKHIMIDLGTGNNNKINWALKDKQEFIDIVETV 81 (104)
Q Consensus 3 mDe~L~~~a~~v~~fa-~IY~vDi~eVpdfn~myeL~dP~tvMFFfrnkHm~vD~GTgnnnKin~~~~~kQefIDiie~i 81 (104)
|..+|..++++..+.. .++-+|.++-|+..+-|.+.--+|+++|=+++... -++.+ ..+++++...|+.+
T Consensus 40 ~~p~l~~la~~~~~~~i~~v~vd~~~~~~l~~~~~V~~~Pt~~~f~~g~~~~--------~~~~G-~~~~~~l~~~i~~~ 110 (215)
T TIGR02187 40 TEQLLEELSEVSPKLKLEIYDFDTPEDKEEAEKYGVERVPTTIILEEGKDGG--------IRYTG-IPAGYEFAALIEDI 110 (215)
T ss_pred HHHHHHHHHhhCCCceEEEEecCCcccHHHHHHcCCCccCEEEEEeCCeeeE--------EEEee-cCCHHHHHHHHHHH
Confidence 5567777777665442 24445555999999999998878987764333211 01222 45668888999888
Q ss_pred hh
Q 034085 82 YR 83 (104)
Q Consensus 82 yr 83 (104)
+.
T Consensus 111 ~~ 112 (215)
T TIGR02187 111 VR 112 (215)
T ss_pred HH
Confidence 63
This family of archaeal proteins contains a C-terminal domain with homology to bacterial and eukaryotic glutaredoxins, including a CPYC motif. There is an N-terminal domain which has even more distant homology to glutaredoxins. The name "glutaredoxin" may be inappropriate in the sense of working in tandem with glutathione and glutathione reductase which may not be present in the archaea. The overall domain structure appears to be related to bacterial alkylhydroperoxide reductases, but the homology may be distant enough that the function of this family is wholly different.
>cd02996 PDI_a_ERp44 PDIa family, endoplasmic reticulum protein 44 (ERp44) subfamily; ERp44 is an ER-resident protein, induced during stress, involved in thiol-mediated ER retention
It contains an N-terminal TRX domain, similar to that of PDIa, with a CXFS motif followed by two redox inactive TRX-like domains, homologous to the b and b' domains of PDI. The CXFS motif in the N-terminal domain allows ERp44 to form stable reversible mixed disulfides with its substrates. Through this activity, ERp44 mediates the ER localization of Ero1alpha, a protein that oxidizes protein disulfide isomerases into their active form. ERp44 also prevents the secretion of unassembled cargo protein with unpaired cysteines. It also modulates the activity of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate type I receptor (IP3R1), an intracellular channel protein that mediates calcium release from the ER to the cytosol.
>cd03005 PDI_a_ERp46 PDIa family, endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46) subfamily; ERp46 is an ER-resident protein containing three redox active TRX domains
Yeast complementation studies show that ERp46 can substitute for protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) function in vivo. It has been detected in many tissues, however, transcript and protein levels do not correlate in all tissues, suggesting regulation at a posttranscriptional level. An identical protein, named endoPDI, has been identified as an endothelial PDI that is highly expressed in the endothelium of tumors and hypoxic lesions. It has a protective effect on cells exposed to hypoxia.
>cd02956 ybbN ybbN protein family; ybbN is a hypothetical protein containing a redox-inactive TRX-like domain
Its gene has been sequenced from several gammaproteobacteria and actinobacteria.
>cd02995 PDI_a_PDI_a'_C PDIa family, C-terminal TRX domain (a') subfamily; composed of the C-terminal redox active a' domains of PDI, ERp72, ERp57 (or ERp60) and EFP1
PDI, ERp72 and ERp57 are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident eukaryotic proteins involved in oxidative protein folding. They are oxidases, catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds of newly synthesized polypeptides in the ER. They also exhibit reductase activity in acting as isomerases to correct any non-native disulfide bonds, as well as chaperone activity to prevent protein aggregation and facilitate the folding of newly synthesized proteins. PDI and ERp57 have the abb'a' domain structure (where a and a' are redox active TRX domains while b and b' are redox inactive TRX-like domains). PDI also contains an acidic region (c domain) after the a' domain that is absent in ERp57. ERp72 has an additional a domain at the N-terminus (a"abb'a' domain structure). ERp57 interacts with the lectin chaperones, calnexin and calreticu
>cd02951 SoxW SoxW family; SoxW is a bacterial periplasmic TRX, containing a redox active CXXC motif, encoded by a genetic locus (sox operon) involved in thiosulfate oxidation
Sulfur bacteria oxidize sulfur compounds to provide reducing equivalents for carbon dioxide fixation during autotrophic growth and the respiratory electron transport chain. It is unclear what the role of SoxW is, since it has been found to be dispensable in the oxidation of thiosulfate to sulfate. SoxW is specifically kept in the reduced state by SoxV, which is essential in thiosulfate oxidation.
>TIGR01295 PedC_BrcD bacteriocin transport accessory protein, putative
This model describes a small family of proteins believed to aid in the export of various class II bacteriocins, which are ribosomally-synthesized, non-lantibiotic bacterial peptide antibiotics. Members of this family are found in operons for pediocin PA-1 from Pediococcus acidilactici and brochocin-C from Brochothrix campestris.
>KOG0907 consensus Thioredoxin [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones]
>cd02985 TRX_CDSP32 TRX family, chloroplastic drought-induced stress protein of 32 kD (CDSP32); CDSP32 is composed of two TRX domains, a C-terminal TRX domain which contains a redox active CXXC motif and an N-terminal TRX-like domain which contains an SXXS sequence instead of the redox active motif
CDSP32 is a stress-inducible TRX, i.e., it acts as a TRX by reducing protein disulfides and is induced by environmental and oxidative stress conditions. It plays a critical role in plastid defense against oxidative damage, a role related to its function as a physiological electron donor to BAS1, a plastidic 2-cys peroxiredoxin. Plants lacking CDSP32 exhibit decreased photosystem II photochemical efficiencies and chlorophyll retention compared to WT controls, as well as an increased proportion of BAS1 in its overoxidized monomeric form.
>1x5e_A Thioredoxin domain containing protein 1; TMX, TXNDC1, structural genomics, NPPSFA, national project on protein structural and functional analyses; NMR {Homo sapiens}
>3emx_A Thioredoxin; structural genomics, oxidoreductase, PSI-2, protein structure initiative, NEW YORK SGX research center for structural genomics; 2.25A {Aeropyrum pernix}
