Go terms map to parent GO term: GO:0005737   other cytoplasm
GOID
Link to GO
 Functional Category Description Protein Count
link to
protein list
GO:0005829 cytosol The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. 9777
GO:0005739 mitochondrion A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. 5579
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. 4274
GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). 2663
GO:0005773 vacuole A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. 2264
GO:0005768 endosome A membrane-bounded organelle to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. 1373
GO:0005811 lipid particle Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a cell. May include associated proteins. 1179
GO:0044444 cytoplasmic part Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. 1071
GO:0045335 phagocytic vesicle A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. 1064
GO:0005777 peroxisome A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. 1044
GO:0048471 perinuclear region of cytoplasm Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. 900
GO:0005938 cell cortex The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. 343
GO:0009524 phragmoplast Fibrous structure (light microscope view) that arises between the daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the initial partition (cell plate), dividing the mother cell in two (cytokinesis), is formed. Appears at first as a spindle connected to the two nuclei, but later spreads laterally in the form of a ring. Consists of microtubules. 314
GO:0009536 plastid Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid. 312
GO:0005840 ribosome An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. 280
GO:0009504 cell plate The nascent cell membrane and cell wall structure that forms between two daughter nuclei near the center of a dividing plant cell. It develops at the equitorial region of the phragmoplast. It grows outwards to join with the lateral walls and form two daughter cells. 201
GO:0008021 synaptic vesicle A secretory organelle, some 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and is secreted these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. 200
GO:0042470 melanosome A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells. 195
GO:0000932 cytoplasmic mRNA processing body A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. mRNA processing and binding proteins are localized to these foci. 182
GO:0045169 fusome A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle. 177
GO:0030018 Z disc Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. 168
GO:0030670 phagocytic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle. 160
GO:0043186 P granule A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes. 160
GO:0010494 cytoplasmic stress granule A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. 150
GO:0032839 dendrite cytoplasm All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane. 141
GO:0001669 acrosomal vesicle A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. 133
GO:0005814 centriole A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle. 132
GO:0016023 cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell. 130
GO:0030017 sarcomere The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. 127
GO:0000235 astral microtubule Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. 127
GO:0055120 striated muscle dense body A vinculin-containing myofibril attachment structure of striated muscle that connects sarcomeres to the extracellular matrix. In nematode body wall muscle, the dense body performs the dual role of Z-disk and costamere. 127
GO:0005793 endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport. 125
GO:0009574 preprophase band A dense band of microtubules, 1-3 pm wide, that appears just beneath the cell membrane before the start of cell division in the cells of higher plants. It precedes the onset of prophase and then disappears as mitosis begins, yet it somehow determines the plane of orientation of the new cell plate forming in late telophase and marks the zone of the parental cell wall where fusion with the growing cell plate ultimately occurs. 115
GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. 106
GO:0030141 secretory granule A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. 96
GO:0032593 insulin-responsive compartment A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2. 96
GO:0010005 cortical microtubule, transverse to long axis Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane, in the cortical cytosol, oriented mainly with their axes transverse to the long axis of the cell (and root in plants). In plants it influences the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition. 93
GO:0000407 pre-autophagosomal structure A punctate structure localized in the vicinity of the vacuole that is required for the formation of autophagosomes. 92
GO:0097208 alveolar lamellar body A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant. 92
GO:0005881 cytoplasmic microtubule Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. 90
GO:0000145 exocyst A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals. 84
GO:0033391 chromatoid body A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182). 83
GO:0030136 clathrin-coated vesicle A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. 82
GO:0051285 cell cortex of cell tip The region directly beneath the plasma membrane at the cell tip. The cell tip is the region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell. 82
GO:0000164 protein phosphatase type 1 complex A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity. 81
GO:0070382 exocytic vesicle A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. 81
GO:0005940 septin ring A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form. 80
GO:0031201 SNARE complex A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25. 78
GO:0042588 zymogen granule A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. 70
GO:0031045 dense core granule Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted. 64
GO:0005826 actomyosin contractile ring A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis. 64
GO:0060473 cortical granule A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy. 64
GO:0035085 cilium axoneme The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. 61
GO:0031430 M band The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. 60
GO:0031674 I band A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end. 60
GO:0030479 actin cortical patch A discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells, at sites of endocytosis; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 56
GO:0030478 actin cap Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 56
GO:0045334 clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. 54
GO:0042587 glycogen granule Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface. 52
GO:0055028 cortical microtubule Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol. 49
GO:0030877 beta-catenin destruction complex A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome. 48
GO:0032009 early phagosome A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. 47
GO:0033116 endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system. 47
GO:0030672 synaptic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle. 43
GO:0031097 medial cortex A medial cortical band overlaying the nucleus which acts as a landmark for contractile ring positioning and plays a role in cell cycle regulation. 42
GO:0031672 A band The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line. 41
GO:0030133 transport vesicle Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, or to destinations within or outside the cell. 38
GO:0030134 ER to Golgi transport vesicle A vesicle that mediates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex; bears a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins; such vesicles found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state, and are involved in ER to Golgi (anterograde) vesicle transport. 38
GO:0030666 endocytic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle. 37
GO:0030658 transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. 36
GO:0016281 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome. 34
GO:0030135 coated vesicle Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins. 34
GO:0032127 dense core granule membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule. 34
GO:0061202 clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle. 33
GO:0009333 cysteine synthase complex Cysteine synthase is a multienzyme complex made up, in E. coli, of the heteromeric hexamer serine acetyltransferase and the homodimer O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase A. 33
GO:0042718 yolk granule Discrete structures that partition the water-insoluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed. 32
GO:0000242 pericentriolar material A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome. 32
GO:0005868 cytoplasmic dynein complex Any dynein complex that catalyzes movement along a cytoplasmic microtubule; cytoplasmic dynein complexes participates in many transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes,and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. 31
GO:0030117 membrane coat Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. 31
GO:0002080 acrosomal membrane The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. 31
GO:0042581 specific granule Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase. 29
GO:0005852 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs. 29
GO:0044448 cell cortex part Any constituent part of the cell cortex, the region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. 29
GO:0005865 striated muscle thin filament Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils. 27
GO:0045179 apical cortex The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell. 26
GO:0005960 glycine cleavage complex A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T. 25
GO:0005861 troponin complex A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction. 25
GO:0005823 central plaque of spindle pole body One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope. 25
GO:0045254 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). 24
GO:0030127 COPII vesicle coat One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state. 23
GO:0018444 translation release factor complex A heterodimeric complex involved in the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome. 22
GO:0030123 AP-3 adaptor complex A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B). 22
GO:0000142 cellular bud neck contractile ring A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 22
GO:0030485 smooth muscle contractile fiber The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. 22
GO:0030659 cytoplasmic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. 22
GO:0005786 signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. 21
GO:0005853 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma. 21
GO:0032019 mitochondrial cloud A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material. 20
GO:0045250 cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Usually contains fewer subunits than its eukaryotic counterpart; for example, the E. coli complex contains 12 E1 dimers, 8 E2 trimers, and 6 E3 dimers arranged in highly symmetric cubic order. 20
GO:0043034 costamere Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix. 19
GO:0005825 half bridge of spindle pole body Structure adjacent to the plaques of the spindle pole body. 18
GO:0016282 eukaryotic 43S preinitiation complex A protein complex composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit plus eIF1A, eIF3, and eIF2-GTP-bound methionyl-initiator methionine tRNA. 17
GO:0005851 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon. 17
GO:0030016 myofibril The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. 17
GO:0031562 hyphal tip polarisome Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of a growing fungal hypha. 17
GO:0030122 AP-2 adaptor complex A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC). 16
GO:0000177 cytoplasmic exosome (RNase complex) Complex of 3'-5' exoribonucleases found in the cytoplasm. 15
GO:0030931 heterotetrameric ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex A protein complex composed of four different subunits that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. 15
GO:0005859 muscle myosin complex A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type. 15
GO:0060203 clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle. 14
GO:0060201 clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle. 14
GO:0070083 clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle. 14
GO:0030096 plasma membrane-derived thylakoid photosystem II A protein complex, located in the membrane-derived thylakoid, containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone. 13
GO:0000930 gamma-tubulin complex A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species. 12
GO:0030669 clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle. 12
GO:0071540 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, eIF3e An eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex that contains the PCI-domain protein eIF3e. 11
GO:0005964 phosphorylase kinase complex An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a. 11
GO:0030981 cortical microtubule cytoskeleton The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. 11
GO:0043614 multi-eIF complex A multifactor complex composed of multiple translation initiation factors and the initiatior tRNAiMet, which is ready to bind to the small (40S) ribosome to form the 43S preinitiation complex. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is composed of eIF1, eIF2, eIF3, and eIF5. 11
GO:0031673 H zone A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers; consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments. 11
GO:0071541 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, eIF3m An eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex that contains the PCI-domain protein eIF3m. 11
GO:0009346 citrate lyase complex Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity. 11
GO:0005971 ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor. 11
GO:0000308 cytoplasmic cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the cytoplasm. 11
GO:0045495 pole plasm Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo. 10
GO:0030118 clathrin coat A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes. 10
GO:0030864 cortical actin cytoskeleton The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. 10
GO:0030139 endocytic vesicle A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting. 10
GO:0033110 CVT vesicle membrane The double lipid bilayer surrounding a CVT vesicle. 10
GO:0044449 contractile fiber part Any constituent part of a contractile fiber, a fiber composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. 9
GO:0070820 tertiary granule A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. 8
GO:0044450 microtubule organizing center part Any constituent part of a microtubule organizing center, a region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow. 8
GO:0009331 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate. 8
GO:0030891 VCB complex A protein complex that possesses ubiquitin ligase activity; the complex is usually pentameric; for example, in mammals the subunits are pVHL, elongin B, elongin C, cullin-2 (Cul2), and Rbx1. 8
GO:0005863 striated muscle myosin thick filament Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils. 8
GO:0045239 tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle. 8
GO:0005854 nascent polypeptide-associated complex A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome. 8
GO:0034451 centriolar satellite A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome. 8
GO:0031093 platelet alpha granule lumen The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule. 8
GO:0042584 chromaffin granule membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. 8
GO:0031209 SCAR complex A heterotetrameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121, Nap125 and HSPC300 and regulates actin polymerization and/or depolymerization through small GTPase mediated signal transduction. 7
GO:0005968 Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. 7
GO:0042589 zymogen granule membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. 7
GO:0030125 clathrin vesicle coat A clathrin coat found on a vesicle. 6
GO:0071546 pi-body A P granule that contains the PIWIL2-TDRD1 module, a set of proteins that act in the primary piRNA pathway. The pi-body corresponds to the cementing material between mitochondria found in gonocytes. 6
GO:0071521 Cdc42 GTPase complex A protein complex formed by the association of the small GTPase Cdc42 with additional proteins. In Schizosaccharomyces the complex contains the Cdc42, Ras1, Scd1, Scd2, andShk1 proteins, and functions in the Ras1-Scd GTPase signalling pathway. 6
GO:0071547 piP-body A P granule that contains the PIWIL4-TDRD9 module, a set of proteins that act in the secondary piRNA pathway. 6
GO:0080085 signal recognition particle, chloroplast targeting A complex consisting of a protein and RNA component which binds the signal sequence of some proteins and facilitates their export to the chloroplast. 6
GO:0031091 platelet alpha granule A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG). 6
GO:0034081 polyketide synthase complex A protein complex that carries out enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones. 6
GO:0034045 pre-autophagosomal structure membrane A cellular membrane associated with the pre-autophagosomal structure. 6
GO:0030132 clathrin coat of coated pit The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex. 6
GO:0043291 RAVE complex A multisubunit complex that in Saccharomyces is composed of three subunits, Rav1p, Rav2p and Skp1p. Acts transiently to catalyze assembly of cytoplasmic V1, with membrane embedded V0 to form the V-ATPase holoenzyme. 6
GO:0009328 phenylalanine-tRNA ligase complex An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe). 6
GO:0009317 acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex. 6
GO:0030094 plasma membrane-derived photosystem I A protein complex located in the plasma membrane-derived thylakoid. The photosystem functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species. 5
GO:0043292 contractile fiber Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. 5
GO:0009340 DNA topoisomerase IV complex A heterodimeric enzyme, which in most bacterial species is composed of two subunits, ParC and ParE. Functions in chromosome segregation and can relax supercoiled DNA. 5
GO:0031416 NatB complex A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Glu, Met-Asp, Met-Asn, or Met-Met N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat3p and Mdm20p. 5
GO:0017102 methionyl glutamyl tRNA synthetase complex A complex consisting of methionyl- and glutamyl-tRNA synthetases. The tRNA synthetases present in the complex bind to their cognate tRNAs more efficiently than they do as monomers. 5
GO:0005965 protein farnesyltransferase complex A protein complex that possesses protein farnesyltransferase activity. 4
GO:0031415 NatA complex A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an N-terminal Ser, Ala, Gly, or Thr residue of a protein acceptor molecule. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat1p and Ard1p, and may contain additional proteins. 4
GO:0030667 secretory granule membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. 4
GO:0034083 type III polyketide synthase complex A polyketide synthase complex that consists of two identical ketosynthase polypeptides. 4
GO:0016528 sarcoplasm The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4
GO:0070032 synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin I complex A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin I (or orthologs thereof). 4
GO:0012507 ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. 4
GO:0048501 signal recognition particle, plasma membrane targeting A complex consisting of a protein and RNA component which binds the signal sequence of some proteins and facilitates their export to or across the plasma membrane. 4
GO:0030131 clathrin adaptor complex A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. 4
GO:0070033 synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin II complex A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin II (or orthologs thereof). 4
GO:0070826 paraferritin complex A cytoplasmic protein complex that contains integrin, mobilferrin and a flavin monooxygenase, is capable of reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II) utilizing NADPH, and is involved in iron transport. Fe(II) is required in the cell as the substrate for ferrochelatase in the synthesis of heme. 4
GO:0005850 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA. 4
GO:0031417 NatC complex A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Ile, Met-Leu, Met-Trp, or Met-Phe N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Mak3p, Mak10p, and Mak31p. 4
GO:0070319 Golgi to plasma membrane transport vesicle A transport vesicle that mediates transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. 4
GO:0043527 tRNA methyltransferase complex A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA. 3
GO:0005951 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase complex A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate; comprises a small subunit that binds and cleaves glutamine, and a large subunit that accepts the ammonia group cleaved from glutamine, binds all of the remaining substrates and effectors, and carries out all of the other catalytic events. 3
GO:0071513 phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase complex A protein complex that catalyzes decarboxylation of 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine to yield 4'-phosphopantetheine; this is the third step in the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A. The complex is homotrimeric in many eukaryotes, but is a heterotrimer in Saccharomyces. 3
GO:0034973 Sid2-Mob1 complex A protein complex that contains a protein kinase (Sid2 in S. pombe) and its regulatory subunit (Mob1). The Sid2p-Mob1p kinase complex is a component of the septation initiation network in fission yeast (called the mitotic exit network in S. cerevisiae) and is required for cytokinesis. The analogous complex in S. cerevisiae is called Dbf2p-Mob1p complex. 3
GO:0030863 cortical cytoskeleton The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. 3
GO:0008274 gamma-tubulin ring complex A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins that forms a flexible open ring structure thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. 3
GO:0009336 sulfate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP) An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP. 3
GO:0070821 tertiary granule membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a tertiary granule. 3
GO:0055087 Ski complex A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p. 3
GO:0070044 synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a complex A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof). 2
GO:0005948 acetolactate synthase complex A dimeric (a large and a small chain) or tetrameric (two large and two small chains) enzyme complex. Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate. 2
GO:0071341 medial cortical node A protein complex that contains the mid1, cdr2, wee1, klp8, and blt1 proteins, and is involved in contractile ring localization. Medial cortical node complexes appear as cortical dots in the middle of the cell during interphase, and function to recruit other ring components in early mitosis. 2
GO:0000153 cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase complex A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm. 2
GO:0012511 monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins. 2
GO:0005950 anthranilate synthase complex A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two components I and two components II. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate, pyruvate and L-glutamate from chorismate and L-glutamine. 2
GO:0030662 coated vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle. 2
GO:0030120 vesicle coat A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle. 2
GO:0071203 WASH complex A protein complex that localizes at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization. In human, the WASH complex is composed of F-actin-capping protein subunits alpha and beta, WASH1, FAM21, KIAA1033, KIAA0196 and CCDC53. 2
GO:0005822 inner plaque of spindle pole body One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus. 1
GO:0005824 outer plaque of spindle pole body One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm. 1
GO:0030119 AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa). 1
GO:0030129 clathrin coat of synaptic vesicle A clathrin coat found on a synaptic vesicle. 1
GO:0035550 urease complex A multiprotein nickel-containing complex that possesses urease activity (catalysis of the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide). 1
GO:0031414 N-terminal protein acetyltransferase complex A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule. 1
GO:0009320 phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase complex A protein complex that possesses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity. 1
GO:0031592 centrosomal corona An amorphous structure surrounding the core of the centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated; contains gamma-tubulin. 1
GO:0033291 eukaryotic 80S initiation complex A protein complex composed of the large and small ribosomal subunits, methionyl-initiatior tRNA, and the capped mRNA. The initiator tRNA is positioned at the ribosomal P site at the AUG codon corresponding to the beginning of the coding region. 1
GO:0031515 tRNA (m1A) methyltransferase complex A protein complex involved in the catalysis of the formation of the modified nucleotide 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in tRNA. In yeast, it is a heterotetramer of two subunits, Gcd10p and Gcd14p, while in bacteria and archaea it is a homotetramer. 1
GO:0000928 gamma-tubulin small complex, spindle pole body A complex composed of two gamma-tubulin molecules and conserved non-tubulin proteins located in the spindle pole body and isolated by fractionation from cells. The complex, approximately 6S-9S, is analogous to the small complex in animal cells but contains fewer subunits, and is not thought to multimerize into larger functional units, like complexes in those organisms. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1
GO:0032578 aleurone grain membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain. 1
GO:0043528 tRNA (m2G10) methyltransferase complex A protein complex required for the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNA. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least two subunits, Trm11p and Trm112p. 1
GO:0071439 clathrin complex A protein complex that consists of three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, organized into a symmetrical three-legged structure called a triskelion. In clathrin-coated vesicles clathrin is the main component of the coat and forms a polymeric mechanical scaffold on the vesicle surface. 1
GO:0030285 integral to synaptic vesicle membrane Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a synaptic vesicle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. 1