Go terms map to parent GO term: GO:0005975   carbohydrate metabolic process
GOID
Link to GO
 Functional Category Description Protein Count
link to
protein list
GO:0006096 glycolysis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) on the sixth carbon by a hexokinase, and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle. 786
GO:0006094 gluconeogenesis The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. 674
GO:0006098 pentose-phosphate shunt The process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses. 394
GO:0019252 starch biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. 386
GO:0010413 glucuronoxylan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid side units. 350
GO:0045492 xylan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone. 350
GO:0000023 maltose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch. 325
GO:0006007 glucose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. 325
GO:0006487 protein N-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan. 261
GO:0006486 protein glycosylation A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. 230
GO:0030244 cellulose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation. 219
GO:0000271 polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. 219
GO:0005977 glycogen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. 136
GO:0042732 D-xylose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. 119
GO:0006006 glucose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. 112
GO:0018279 protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification. 107
GO:0052546 cell wall pectin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall. 100
GO:0005982 starch metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose. 91
GO:0030243 cellulose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation. 89
GO:0052541 plant-type cell wall cellulose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall. 84
GO:0045490 pectin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues. 70
GO:0009051 pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2). 64
GO:0006097 glyoxylate cycle A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate. 59
GO:0010411 xyloglucan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D-glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants. 57
GO:0005992 trehalose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. 53
GO:0046855 inositol phosphate dephosphorylation The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol. 53
GO:0019301 rhamnose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose. 51
GO:0005983 starch catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. 50
GO:0044262 cellular carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. 48
GO:0005986 sucrose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. 48
GO:0006013 mannose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. 47
GO:0016051 carbohydrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 46
GO:0030245 cellulose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation. 46
GO:0005980 glycogen catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. 46
GO:0019570 L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate. 45
GO:0006471 protein ADP-ribosylation The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. 44
GO:0000272 polysaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. 43
GO:0019853 L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions. 42
GO:0006012 galactose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose. 42
GO:0005990 lactose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose. 40
GO:0005985 sucrose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. 39
GO:0045488 pectin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a group of galacturonic acid-containing, water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates of high molecular weight and of net negative charge. 37
GO:0005987 sucrose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. 35
GO:0045493 xylan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone. 31
GO:0010289 homogalacturonan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectidic homogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of (1->4)-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3. 31
GO:0034221 fungal-type cell wall chitin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of fungal cells. 29
GO:0009969 xyloglucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants. 27
GO:0034484 raffinose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. 26
GO:0005978 glycogen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. 26
GO:0005996 monosaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. 24
GO:0010417 glucuronoxylan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues. 23
GO:0042843 D-xylose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. 23
GO:0010400 rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of the pectin, rhamnogalacturonan I. 23
GO:0010325 raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and other molecules with a higher degree of galactosyl polymerization). 23
GO:0019568 arabinose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinose, arabino-pentose. 22
GO:0019388 galactose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. 21
GO:0019253 reductive pentose-phosphate cycle The fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as glucose in the chloroplasts of C3 plants; uses ATP and NADPH formed in the light reactions of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (catalyzed by the function of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase) to yield two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate; these are then phosphorylated by ATP to 1,3-bisphosphateglyceraldehyde which, in turn, is then reduced by NADPH to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to fructose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate by aldolase and other enzymes; the ribulose 5-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. 21
GO:0031222 arabinan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinan, a branched homopolymer of L-arabinose. 20
GO:0009052 pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P. 18
GO:0010306 rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5 - 10KDa) pectic polysaccharide, conserved in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms. 18
GO:0005997 xylulose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose. 18
GO:0006000 fructose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey. 18
GO:0045226 extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures. 18
GO:0019563 glycerol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. 17
GO:0044275 cellular carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. 16
GO:0005998 xylulose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose. 16
GO:0033499 galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose. 16
GO:0044723 single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism. 15
GO:0042355 L-fucose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose). 15
GO:0006071 glycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. 15
GO:0006075 (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds. 15
GO:0042840 D-glucuronate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate. 15
GO:0043458 ethanol biosynthetic process involved in glucose fermentation to ethanol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, as part of the process of glucose catabolism to ethanol, CO2 and ATP. 14
GO:0009311 oligosaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. 14
GO:0009250 glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 14
GO:0019852 L-ascorbic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species. 14
GO:0010246 rhamnogalacturonan I biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide. 13
GO:0042838 D-glucarate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. 13
GO:0019564 aerobic glycerol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, in the presence of oxygen. 13
GO:0046369 galactose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. 13
GO:0042125 protein galactosylation The addition of a galactose molecule to a protein amino acid. 12
GO:0019310 inositol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. 12
GO:0019593 mannitol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group. 12
GO:0052746 inositol phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms. 12
GO:0052325 cell wall pectin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall. 11
GO:0033347 tetrose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a tetrose, any monosaccharide with a chain of four carbon atoms in the molecule. 11
GO:0019567 arabinose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinose, arabino-pentose. 11
GO:0045489 pectin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues. 11
GO:0006061 sorbitol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group. 11
GO:0006114 glycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. 11
GO:0006073 cellular glucan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 10
GO:0006014 D-ribose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12. 10
GO:0046835 carbohydrate phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 10
GO:0006491 N-glycan processing The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking. 10
GO:0010394 homogalacturonan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving homogalacturonan, a pectin characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3. 9
GO:0046370 fructose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. 9
GO:0009251 glucan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 9
GO:0046396 D-galacturonate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid is a component of plant gums and bacterial cell walls. 9
GO:0006062 sorbitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group. 9
GO:0051160 L-xylitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. 9
GO:0046365 monosaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. 9
GO:0033692 cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell. 9
GO:0019322 pentose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule. 9
GO:0046355 mannan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose. 9
GO:0019294 keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria. 9
GO:0006005 L-fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose). 8
GO:0019307 mannose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. 8
GO:0006001 fructose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. 8
GO:0030259 lipid glycosylation Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule. 7
GO:0006020 inositol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. 7
GO:0009760 C4 photosynthesis The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch. 7
GO:0010493 Lewis a epitope biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a Lewis a epitope, a trisaccharide (Fuc-alpha-(1->4)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]GlcNAc) characteristic of plant protein N-linked oligosaccharides. 7
GO:0051682 galactomannan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactosyl and D-mannosyl. The mannosyl units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactosyl as single side units. 7
GO:0018258 protein O-linked glycosylation via hydroxyproline The glycosylation of proteins via 04 atom of hydroxyproline to form O4-glycosyl-L-hydroxyproline; the most common form is arabinofuranosyl-4-proline. 7
GO:0044264 cellular polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells. 6
GO:0019566 arabinose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabinose, arabino-pentose. L-Arabinose occurs both free, for example in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, as a constituent of plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc. D-arabinose is a constituent of arabinonucleosides. 6
GO:0006021 inositol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. 6
GO:0019521 D-gluconate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose. 6
GO:0036065 fucosylation The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule. 6
GO:0000024 maltose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). 5
GO:0019520 aldonic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group. 5
GO:0000025 maltose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). 5
GO:0010410 hemicellulose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemicelluloses, plant cell wall polysaccharides that have a backbone of 1,4-linked beta-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation. Many different hemicelluloses usually occur intermixed with each molecular type representing different degrees of polymerization and contain many different sugar monomers, which can include glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses also contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present. 5
GO:0051157 arabitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. 5
GO:0009312 oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. 4
GO:0019655 glucose catabolic process to ethanol The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose; it is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2), producing two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose. 4
GO:0009103 lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. 4
GO:0006493 protein O-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan. 4
GO:0005993 trehalose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. 4
GO:0015014 heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. 4
GO:0035269 protein O-linked mannosylation The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage. 4
GO:0019321 pentose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule. 3
GO:0045491 xylan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone. 3
GO:0010398 xylogalacturonan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylogalacturonan, a pectin characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues substituted on C-3 with beta-D-xylopyranose residues. 3
GO:0006490 oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation. 3
GO:0019402 galactitol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose. 3
GO:0070414 trehalose metabolism in response to heat stress The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. 3
GO:0051070 galactomannan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactosyl and D-mannosyl. The mannosyl units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactosyl as single side units. 3
GO:0042353 fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fucose (6-deoxygalactose). 3
GO:0010383 cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall polysaccharides. 3
GO:0006078 (1->6)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans. 3
GO:0009313 oligosaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. 2
GO:0005976 polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. 2
GO:0070592 cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide destined to form part of a cell wall. 2
GO:0019404 galactitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose. 2
GO:0019318 hexose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. 2
GO:0019528 D-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabitol is converted into D-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to form D-xylulose-5-phosphate. 2
GO:0016052 carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 2
GO:0009245 lipid A biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. 2
GO:0046181 ketogluconate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group. 2
GO:0051278 fungal-type cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the polysaccharides which make up the fungal-type cell wall. 2
GO:0046364 monosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. 2
GO:0019571 D-arabinose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose. 2
GO:0051691 cellular oligosaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells. 2
GO:0009244 lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues. 1
GO:0009242 colanic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide. 1
GO:0019577 aldaric acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group. 1
GO:0034411 cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells. 1
GO:0019400 alditol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group. 1
GO:0048363 mucilage pectin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the pectin component of mucilage. 1
GO:0019685 photosynthesis, dark reaction A complex cycle of enzyme-mediated reactions which catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar. As well as carbon dioxide the cycle requires reducing power in the form of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP are produced by the 'light' reactions. 1
GO:0070085 glycosylation The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a substrate molecule. 1
GO:0006038 cell wall chitin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells. 1
GO:0034195 L-galactonate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid. 1
GO:0019323 pentose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule. 1
GO:0044724 single-organism carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism. 1