| GOID Link to GO |
Functional Category | Description | Protein Count link to protein list |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0009867 | jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid. | 648 |
| GO:0009738 | abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of abscisic acid. | 584 |
| GO:0009862 | systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance. | 502 |
| GO:0000165 | MAPK cascade | An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. | 491 |
| GO:0030968 | endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. | 443 |
| GO:0007243 | intracellular protein kinase cascade | A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell by sequential protein phosphorylation and activation of the cascade components. | 290 |
| GO:0035556 | intracellular signal transduction | The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. | 262 |
| GO:0009742 | brassinosteroid mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of brassinosteroid. | 257 |
| GO:0009873 | ethylene mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene). | 251 |
| GO:0009863 | salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid. | 241 |
| GO:0009740 | gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid. | 236 |
| GO:0008543 | fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. | 234 |
| GO:0007173 | epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 214 |
| GO:0008286 | insulin receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. | 204 |
| GO:0019722 | calcium-mediated signaling | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. | 201 |
| GO:0010182 | sugar mediated signaling pathway | The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes. | 200 |
| GO:0048011 | neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a neurotrophin to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 196 |
| GO:0007169 | transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 196 |
| GO:0007179 | transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 187 |
| GO:0009734 | auxin mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin. | 169 |
| GO:0002755 | MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. | 169 |
| GO:0019221 | cytokine-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 154 |
| GO:0007166 | cell surface receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 137 |
| GO:0034134 | toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 2. | 136 |
| GO:0034142 | toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 4. | 136 |
| GO:0006977 | DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest | A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle. | 136 |
| GO:0008063 | Toll signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 134 |
| GO:0034130 | toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 1. | 134 |
| GO:0050852 | T cell receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. | 129 |
| GO:0007219 | Notch signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 126 |
| GO:0007254 | JNK cascade | An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. | 119 |
| GO:0009755 | hormone-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone. | 115 |
| GO:0060070 | canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. | 112 |
| GO:0016055 | Wnt receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. | 111 |
| GO:0030509 | BMP signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 109 |
| GO:0019933 | cAMP-mediated signaling | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. | 108 |
| GO:0009736 | cytokinin mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals induced by the detection of cytokinin. | 101 |
| GO:0023014 | signal transduction by phosphorylation | A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate. | 101 |
| GO:0034138 | toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 3. | 100 |
| GO:0007265 | Ras protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 97 |
| GO:0035666 | TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. | 95 |
| GO:0019932 | second-messenger-mediated signaling | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell. | 93 |
| GO:0006987 | activation of signaling protein activity involved in unfolded protein response | The conversion of a specific protein, possessing protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities, to an active form as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response. | 92 |
| GO:0007264 | small GTPase mediated signal transduction | Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals. | 83 |
| GO:0031663 | lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system. | 80 |
| GO:0010204 | defense response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent | A series of molecular signals that is activated during defense response and does not depend upon R-genes. | 79 |
| GO:0031929 | TOR signaling cascade | A series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors. | 78 |
| GO:0007186 | G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 75 |
| GO:0000750 | pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion | A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 74 |
| GO:0048015 | phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling | A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. | 73 |
| GO:0070423 | nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) protein. | 70 |
| GO:0006983 | ER overload response | The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. | 69 |
| GO:0050853 | B cell receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. | 64 |
| GO:0000189 | MAPK import into nucleus | The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus upon activation. | 62 |
| GO:0009785 | blue light signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm. | 61 |
| GO:0070371 | ERK1 and ERK2 cascade | An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. | 57 |
| GO:0070498 | interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-1 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 55 |
| GO:0019934 | cGMP-mediated signaling | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. | 55 |
| GO:0060069 | Wnt receptor signaling pathway, regulating spindle positioning | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with the positioning of the mitotic spindle. | 53 |
| GO:0002764 | immune response-regulating signaling pathway | The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response. | 50 |
| GO:0007231 | osmosensory signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change. | 48 |
| GO:0051403 | stress-activated MAPK cascade | A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays one or more of the signals; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. | 48 |
| GO:0009870 | defense response signaling pathway, resistance gene-dependent | A series of molecular signals that depends upon R-genes and is activated during defense response. | 45 |
| GO:0032482 | Rab protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rab family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 45 |
| GO:0007224 | smoothened signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. | 43 |
| GO:0000160 | phosphorelay signal transduction system | A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins. | 43 |
| GO:0009871 | jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance. | 41 |
| GO:0010315 | auxin efflux | The process involved in the transport of auxin out of the cell. | 41 |
| GO:0042921 | glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glucocorticoid binding to its receptor. | 40 |
| GO:0009585 | red, far-red light phototransduction | The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm. | 39 |
| GO:0035682 | toll-like receptor 21 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 21. | 37 |
| GO:0035419 | activation of MAPK activity involved in innate immune response | Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. | 37 |
| GO:0034154 | toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 7. | 37 |
| GO:0034146 | toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 5. | 37 |
| GO:0035681 | toll-like receptor 15 signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 15. | 37 |
| GO:0007249 | I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade | The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. | 37 |
| GO:0048384 | retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. | 36 |
| GO:0072462 | signal transduction involved in meiotic recombination checkpoint | A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint. | 35 |
| GO:0010255 | glucose mediated signaling pathway | The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes. | 35 |
| GO:0035235 | ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 35 |
| GO:0030521 | androgen receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor. | 35 |
| GO:0044337 | canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic process. | 35 |
| GO:0035329 | hippo signaling cascade | The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1. | 34 |
| GO:0007178 | transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 34 |
| GO:0009866 | induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance. | 33 |
| GO:0007250 | activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity | The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues. | 33 |
| GO:0001836 | release of cytochrome c from mitochondria | The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. | 32 |
| GO:0001402 | signal transduction involved in filamentous growth | Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth. | 31 |
| GO:0032011 | ARF protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the ARF family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 31 |
| GO:0009868 | jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance. | 30 |
| GO:0008630 | intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage | A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. | 29 |
| GO:0097193 | intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). | 29 |
| GO:2000286 | receptor internalization involved in canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway | A receptor internalization process that contributes to canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway. | 29 |
| GO:0060397 | JAK-STAT cascade involved in growth hormone signaling pathway | The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. | 29 |
| GO:0007258 | JUN phosphorylation | The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein. | 28 |
| GO:0070059 | intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress | A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. | 23 |
| GO:0033211 | adiponectin-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of adiponectin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 23 |
| GO:0016062 | adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling | The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation. | 23 |
| GO:0031098 | stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade | A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals. | 23 |
| GO:0009864 | induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance. | 22 |
| GO:0072332 | intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator | A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. | 21 |
| GO:0042770 | signal transduction in response to DNA damage | A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. | 21 |
| GO:0010161 | red light signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. | 20 |
| GO:0010017 | red or far-red light signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. | 20 |
| GO:0042771 | intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator | A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. | 19 |
| GO:0007266 | Rho protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 19 |
| GO:0007229 | integrin-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 18 |
| GO:0050851 | antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell. | 18 |
| GO:0016601 | Rac protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 17 |
| GO:0060071 | Wnt receptor signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity. | 17 |
| GO:0009747 | hexokinase-dependent signaling | A series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and dependent on the detection of hexokinase. | 17 |
| GO:0007183 | SMAD protein complex assembly | The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins. | 17 |
| GO:0006984 | ER-nucleus signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation. | 15 |
| GO:0038061 | NIK/NF-kappaB cascade | The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-KappaB. The cascade begins with activation of the NF-KappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-Kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-KappaB (p52). | 15 |
| GO:0007257 | activation of JUN kinase activity | The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK). | 14 |
| GO:0014065 | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade | A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K cascades lie downstream of many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways and regulate numerous cellular functions. | 14 |
| GO:0031930 | mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function. | 14 |
| GO:0007205 | protein kinase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG). | 12 |
| GO:0048010 | vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 12 |
| GO:0007259 | JAK-STAT cascade | Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins. | 11 |
| GO:0010476 | gibberellin mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of gibberellin stimulus. | 11 |
| GO:0007191 | adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). | 11 |
| GO:0035872 | nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number. The NLR signaling pathway begins with binding of a ligand to a NLR receptor and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. | 11 |
| GO:0006978 | DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator | A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. | 11 |
| GO:0007228 | positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity | Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited. | 10 |
| GO:0038127 | ERBB signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 10 |
| GO:0031291 | Ran protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ran family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 9 |
| GO:0007200 | phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). | 9 |
| GO:0010881 | regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction. | 8 |
| GO:0030518 | intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a intracellular steroid hormone receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. | 7 |
| GO:0010019 | chloroplast-nucleus signaling pathway | The process in which a molecular signal is transduced between the chloroplast and nucleus, such that expression of nuclear encoding photosynthetic proteins is coupled with chloroplast biogenesis. | 7 |
| GO:0048016 | inositol phosphate-mediated signaling | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). | 7 |
| GO:0043491 | protein kinase B signaling cascade | A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. | 7 |
| GO:0007263 | nitric oxide mediated signal transduction | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms. | 6 |
| GO:0032488 | Cdc42 protein signal transduction | A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state. | 6 |
| GO:0050847 | progesterone receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a progesterone binding to its receptor. | 5 |
| GO:0097411 | hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia. | 5 |
| GO:0002752 | cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells. | 5 |
| GO:0035357 | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes. | 5 |
| GO:0016056 | rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events that convert the absorbed photons into a cellular response. | 5 |
| GO:0007188 | adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). | 5 |
| GO:0008625 | extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors | A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. | 5 |
| GO:0001789 | G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to S1P second messenger | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of sphingosine kinase and a subsequent increase in cellular levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). | 4 |
| GO:0008631 | intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress | A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. | 4 |
| GO:0030330 | DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator | A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. | 4 |
| GO:0038166 | angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of angiotensin II binding to an angiotensin receptor on the surface of the cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 4 |
| GO:0009745 | sucrose mediated signaling | A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of sucrose. | 4 |
| GO:0033173 | calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade | Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+). | 4 |
| GO:0070493 | thrombin receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. | 4 |
| GO:0007214 | gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor. | 3 |
| GO:0007216 | G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 3 |
| GO:0042772 | DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription | A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription. | 3 |
| GO:0001973 | adenosine receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. | 3 |
| GO:0007193 | adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). | 3 |
| GO:0007167 | enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 3 |
| GO:0007218 | neuropeptide signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor. | 2 |
| GO:0002224 | toll-like receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. | 2 |
| GO:0030522 | intracellular receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell. | 2 |
| GO:0030520 | intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular estrogen receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand binding, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process (e.g. transcription). | 2 |
| GO:0007210 | serotonin receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. | 2 |
| GO:0007199 | G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP). | 2 |
| GO:0032933 | SREBP signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription. | 2 |
| GO:0007207 | phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). | 2 |
| GO:0010018 | far-red light signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. | 2 |
| GO:0097190 | apoptotic signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. | 2 |
| GO:0007184 | SMAD protein import into nucleus | The directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. | 2 |
| GO:0060158 | phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). | 2 |
| GO:0030969 | UFP-specific transcription factor mRNA processing involved in endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response | The spliceosome-independent cleavage and ligation of the mRNA encoding a UFP-specific transcription factor to remove a single intron, thereby increasing both the translational efficiency of the processed mRNA and the activity of the protein it encodes. | 2 |
| GO:0033209 | tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 1 |
| GO:0060337 | type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a type I interferon binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. | 1 |
| GO:0002757 | immune response-activating signal transduction | The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an immune response. | 1 |
| GO:0042503 | tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein | The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. | 1 |
| GO:0007213 | G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway | Any series of molecular signals initiated by an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of the target cell binding to one of its physiological ligands, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 1 |
| GO:0007252 | I-kappaB phosphorylation | The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. | 1 |
| GO:0007603 | phototransduction, visible light | The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. | 1 |
| GO:0042506 | tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein | The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein. | 1 |
| GO:0048008 | platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. | 1 |
| GO:0070102 | interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-6 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. | 1 |
| GO:0030579 | ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome. | 1 |