Go terms map to parent GO term: GO:0009058   biosynthetic process
GOID
Link to GO
 Functional Category Description Protein Count
link to
protein list
GO:0006094 gluconeogenesis The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. 674
GO:0019288 isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. 530
GO:0019344 cysteine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid. 526
GO:0009697 salicylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid. 517
GO:0042181 ketone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. 497
GO:0006499 N-terminal protein myristoylation The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein. 487
GO:0009853 photorespiration A light-dependent catabolic process occurring concomitantly with photosynthesis in plants (especially C3 plants) whereby dioxygen (O2) is consumed and carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved. The substrate is glycolate formed in large quantities in chloroplasts from 2-phosphoglycolate generated from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the action of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; the glycolate enters the peroxisomes where it is converted by glycolate oxidase to glyoxylate which undergoes transamination to glycine. This then passes into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated forming one molecule of serine for every two molecules of glycine. This pathway also exists in photosynthetic bacteria. 413
GO:0019761 glucosinolate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae. 396
GO:0019252 starch biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. 386
GO:0009699 phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid. 364
GO:0045492 xylan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone. 350
GO:0018130 heterocycle biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). 332
GO:0009695 jasmonic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative. 321
GO:0016132 brassinosteroid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects. 320
GO:0016126 sterol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. 319
GO:0009309 amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. 305
GO:0015995 chlorophyll biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors. 271
GO:0009684 indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants. 269
GO:0019375 galactolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine. 263
GO:0006351 transcription, DNA-dependent The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. 263
GO:0006487 protein N-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan. 261
GO:0019083 viral transcription The mechanisms involved in viral gene transcription, especially referring to those with temporal properties unique to viral transcription. 257
GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. 254
GO:0009813 flavonoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton. 254
GO:0006633 fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. 253
GO:0006412 translation The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. 237
GO:0009086 methionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 232
GO:0006486 protein glycosylation A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. 230
GO:0044249 cellular biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. 229
GO:0016117 carotenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail. 227
GO:1901576 organic substance biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. 221
GO:0030244 cellulose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation. 219
GO:0000271 polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. 219
GO:0009809 lignin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers. 217
GO:0009693 ethylene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator. 203
GO:0016226 iron-sulfur cluster assembly The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster. 198
GO:0009220 pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. 197
GO:0050665 hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. 196
GO:0009805 coumarin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids. 181
GO:0046189 phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. 180
GO:1901362 organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound. 172
GO:0006367 transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. 164
GO:0006655 phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. 153
GO:0006661 phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. 152
GO:0009686 gibberellin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators. 150
GO:0009073 aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). 143
GO:0016099 monoterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton. 138
GO:0042398 cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 137
GO:0042023 DNA endoreduplication Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes. 134
GO:0009718 anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins. 134
GO:0006366 transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). 132
GO:0042793 transcription from plastid promoter The synthesis of RNA from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase. 131
GO:0010025 wax biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids. 131
GO:0051555 flavonol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonols, a member of a class of vascular pigments formed by consecutive oxidative processes from the flavonoid intermediates flavanones and dihydroflavonols. Flavonols are the most widespread of the flavonoids and have a wide array of physiological activities. 131
GO:0009108 coenzyme biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed. 131
GO:0010264 myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds. 129
GO:0008652 cellular amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 124
GO:0016102 diterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units. 120
GO:0009717 isoflavonoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids. 117
GO:0009821 alkaloid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). 116
GO:0009759 indole glucosinolate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan. 116
GO:0019756 cyanogenic glycoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits. 114
GO:0042904 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative. 113
GO:0051792 medium-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12. 112
GO:0006260 DNA replication The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. 109
GO:0009165 nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). 109
GO:0044550 secondary metabolite biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. 108
GO:0018279 protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification. 107
GO:0010023 proanthocyanidin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin. 106
GO:0006368 transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. 103
GO:0031408 oxylipin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any oxylipin, any of a group of biologically active compounds formed by oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 102
GO:0008610 lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. 100
GO:0046394 carboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. 99
GO:0044272 sulfur compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. 98
GO:0072330 monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group. 95
GO:0019432 triglyceride biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. 95
GO:0000162 tryptophan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate. 94
GO:0010143 cutin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants. 94
GO:0019438 aromatic compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. 93
GO:0044283 small molecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. 93
GO:0046246 terpene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units. 89
GO:0006754 ATP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. 88
GO:0033075 isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin. 81
GO:0006270 DNA replication initiation The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action. 79
GO:0030497 fatty acid elongation The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units. 74
GO:0006261 DNA-dependent DNA replication A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands. 74
GO:0010120 camalexin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin. 70
GO:0019287 isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, via the intermediate mevalonate. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis, through a series of mevalonate intermediates. 70
GO:0008654 phospholipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. 70
GO:0019745 pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings. 70
GO:0006354 DNA-dependent transcription, elongation The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase. 69
GO:0006744 ubiquinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme. 69
GO:1901566 organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound. 67
GO:0006182 cGMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate. 65
GO:0006783 heme biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors. 64
GO:0009403 toxin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism. 64
GO:0044271 cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. 63
GO:0009059 macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. 59
GO:0006696 ergosterol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds. 58
GO:0034312 diol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms. 58
GO:0006361 transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase I promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. 58
GO:0009688 abscisic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid. 57
GO:0009435 NAD biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH. 57
GO:0009700 indole phytoalexin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response. 57
GO:0006537 glutamate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. 56
GO:0010345 suberin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of suberin monomers and suberin polyesters. Suberin monomers are derived from fatty acids and trans-cinnamic acids. The monomers are then cross-linked with glycerols. 55
GO:0009851 auxin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth. 54
GO:0045461 sterigmatocystin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds. 53
GO:0005992 trehalose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. 53
GO:0019408 dolichol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units. 53
GO:0043693 monoterpene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. 52
GO:0019413 acetate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. 51
GO:0044711 single-organism biosynthetic process A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - involving a single organism. 48
GO:0042136 neurotransmitter biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. 48
GO:0005986 sucrose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. 48
GO:0006086 acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. 47
GO:0019985 translesion synthesis The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide. 47
GO:0006164 purine nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. 47
GO:0016051 carbohydrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 46
GO:0010021 amylopectin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages. 45
GO:0009691 cytokinin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators. 45
GO:0006471 protein ADP-ribosylation The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. 44
GO:0042761 very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. 43
GO:0051762 sesquiterpene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenes, any of a class of terpenes of the formula C15H24 or a derivative of such a terpene. 43
GO:0035338 long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more. 42
GO:0019853 L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions. 42
GO:0006694 steroid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. 41
GO:0009228 thiamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver. 41
GO:0006535 cysteine biosynthetic process from serine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine. 40
GO:0006085 acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated. 40
GO:0046186 acetaldehyde biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. 40
GO:0009102 biotin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid. 39
GO:0046949 fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group. 39
GO:0042318 penicillin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. 39
GO:1901617 organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound. 39
GO:0048354 mucilage biosynthetic process involved in seed coat development The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage that occur as part of seed coat development; mucilage is normally synthesized during seed coat development. 39
GO:0046520 sphingoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. 39
GO:0016120 carotene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids. 39
GO:0019483 beta-alanine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins. 38
GO:0000947 amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols. 38
GO:0006362 transcription elongation from RNA polymerase I promoter The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I. 38
GO:0080088 spermidine hydroxycinnamate conjugate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine hydroxycinnamate conjugates. 38
GO:0006363 termination of RNA polymerase I transcription The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit. 38
GO:0009113 purine nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine. 37
GO:0016114 terpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure. 37
GO:0034645 cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells. 37
GO:0019509 L-methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine. 37
GO:0006695 cholesterol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. 37
GO:0042276 error-prone translesion synthesis The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites. 36
GO:0006207 'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors. 35
GO:0030847 termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, exosome-dependent The process in which transcription of nonpolyadenylated RNA polymerase II transcripts is terminated; coupled to the maturation of the RNA 3'-end. 34
GO:0006561 proline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 34
GO:0030846 termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled The process in which transcription of polyadenylated RNA polymerase II transcripts is terminated; cleavage and polyadenylylation of the mRNA 3' end is coupled to transcription termination. 34
GO:0006704 glucocorticoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. 34
GO:0009299 mRNA transcription The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. 33
GO:0045329 carnitine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 33
GO:0008295 spermidine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane. 33
GO:0080110 sporopollenin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sporopollenin, a primary constituent of the pollen exine layer. 32
GO:0006564 L-serine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. 32
GO:0008615 pyridoxine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. 31
GO:0006352 DNA-dependent transcription, initiation Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. 31
GO:0001111 promoter clearance from RNA polymerase II promoter Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors. 31
GO:0033330 kaempferol O-glucoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol. 31
GO:0033303 quercetin O-glucoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of quercetin. 31
GO:0033485 cyanidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, a basic anthocyanin responsible for red to magenta coloration of flowers and fruits. 31
GO:0010289 homogalacturonan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectidic homogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of (1->4)-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3. 31
GO:0006172 ADP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate. 31
GO:0006741 NADP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH. 30
GO:0009226 nucleotide-sugar biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. 30
GO:0009089 lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate. 30
GO:0006267 nuclear pre-replicative complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at eukaryotic DNA replication origins during late M phase; its presence is required for replication initiation. 30
GO:0015940 pantothenate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods. 30
GO:0006542 glutamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. 30
GO:0031297 replication fork processing The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled (due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes) is repaired and replication is restarted. 30
GO:0031525 menthol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol. 30
GO:0006809 nitric oxide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. 30
GO:0034221 fungal-type cell wall chitin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of fungal cells. 29
GO:1901940 (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene. 29
GO:0030148 sphingolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). 29
GO:0016106 sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units. 29
GO:0006268 DNA unwinding involved in replication The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication. 29
GO:0007307 eggshell chorion gene amplification Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster. 28
GO:1901943 (+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol. 28
GO:0008299 isoprenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. 28
GO:0009098 leucine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid. 28
GO:0006526 arginine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid. 27
GO:0006369 termination of RNA polymerase II transcription The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed. 27
GO:0070987 error-free translesion synthesis The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For S. cerevisiae, RAD30 encodes DNA polymerase eta, which incorporates two adenines. When incorporated across a thymine-thymine dimer, it does not increase the endogenous mutation level. 27
GO:0032201 telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors. 27
GO:0006777 Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands. 27
GO:0009969 xyloglucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants. 27
GO:0043447 alkane biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2. 27
GO:0042821 pyridoxal biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. 27
GO:0006588 activation of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity The process in which the tryptophan 5-monooxygenase enzyme is changed so that it can carry out its enzymatic activity. 27
GO:0009701 isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection. 27
GO:0018345 protein palmitoylation The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein. 26
GO:0071768 mycolic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycolic acids, beta-hydroxy fatty acids with a long alpha-alkyl side chain. 26
GO:0010686 tetracyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings. 26
GO:0005978 glycogen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. 26
GO:0009443 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. 25
GO:0015986 ATP synthesis coupled proton transport The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. 25
GO:0044209 AMP salvage The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from derivatives of it (either adenine, ADP or adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate) without de novo synthesis. 25
GO:0043612 isoprene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoprene, C5H8. 25
GO:0006488 dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P. 25
GO:1901928 cadinene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cadinene. 24
GO:0010263 tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings. 24
GO:1901937 beta-caryophyllene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-caryophyllene. 24
GO:0019264 glycine biosynthetic process from serine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine from other compounds, including serine. 24
GO:0097295 morphine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of morphine, 17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol. Morphine is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug obtained form the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. 24
GO:1901931 alpha-copaene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-copaene. 24
GO:0042866 pyruvate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate. 23
GO:0010417 glucuronoxylan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues. 23
GO:0000105 histidine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. 23
GO:0046148 pigment biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin. 23
GO:0016123 xanthophyll biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids. 23
GO:0010325 raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and other molecules with a higher degree of galactosyl polymerization). 23
GO:1901934 bicyclogermacrene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bicyclogermacrene. 23
GO:0042797 tRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter. 22
GO:0015937 coenzyme A biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. 22
GO:0030206 chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. 22
GO:0006532 aspartate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid. 22
GO:0009303 rRNA transcription The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template. 22
GO:0006183 GTP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate. 22
GO:0019877 diaminopimelate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diaminopimelate, both as an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis and as a component (as meso-diaminopimelate) of the peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. 22
GO:0009239 enterobactin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway. 21
GO:0006723 cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss. 21
GO:0006385 transcription elongation from RNA polymerase III promoter The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III. 21
GO:0009257 10-formyltetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate. 21
GO:0006699 bile acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. 21
GO:0070814 hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S. 21
GO:0006241 CTP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate. 21
GO:0006386 termination of RNA polymerase III transcription The process in which transcription by RNA polymerase III is terminated; Pol III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of 4 to 6 contiguous U residues. 21
GO:0006228 UTP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate. 21
GO:0019253 reductive pentose-phosphate cycle The fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as glucose in the chloroplasts of C3 plants; uses ATP and NADPH formed in the light reactions of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (catalyzed by the function of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase) to yield two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate; these are then phosphorylated by ATP to 1,3-bisphosphateglyceraldehyde which, in turn, is then reduced by NADPH to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to fructose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate by aldolase and other enzymes; the ribulose 5-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. 21
GO:1901137 carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative. 20
GO:0017000 antibiotic biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. 20
GO:0006782 protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX. 20
GO:0006225 UDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate. 20
GO:0033585 L-phenylalanine biosynthetic process from chorismate via phenylpyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate phenylpyruvate. 19
GO:0010192 mucilage biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants. 19
GO:0006165 nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate. 19
GO:0010306 rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5 - 10KDa) pectic polysaccharide, conserved in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms. 18
GO:0046248 alpha-pinene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-pinene, a monoterpene that may be a significant factor affecting bacterial activities in nature. 18
GO:0009231 riboflavin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). 18
GO:0046951 ketone body biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA. 18
GO:0042218 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants. 18
GO:0045226 extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures. 18
GO:0006278 RNA-dependent DNA replication A DNA replication process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands. 18
GO:0006750 glutathione biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. 18
GO:1901872 ecgonone methyl ester biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecgonone methyl ester. 17
GO:0019305 dTDP-rhamnose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate. 17
GO:0051553 flavone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone). 17
GO:0010189 vitamin E biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant. 17
GO:1901869 ecgonine methyl ester biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecgonine methyl ester. 17
GO:0006592 ornithine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis. 17
GO:0046165 alcohol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. 17
GO:0006272 leading strand elongation The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in the 5' to 3' direction; leading strand elongation is continuous as it proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork. 16
GO:0046656 folic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. 16
GO:0042446 hormone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. 16
GO:0043111 replication fork arrest Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication by impeding the progress of the DNA replication fork. 16
GO:0046513 ceramide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. 16
GO:0071267 L-methionine salvage Any process that generates L-methionine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. 16
GO:0071616 acyl-CoA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group. 16
GO:0009423 chorismate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds. 16
GO:0051790 short-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6. 15
GO:1901599 (-)-pinoresinol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (-)-pinoresinol. 15
GO:0006189 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate. 15
GO:0061370 testosterone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5. 15
GO:0006646 phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. 15
GO:0006075 (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds. 15
GO:0006015 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. 15
GO:1901659 glycosyl compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound. 14
GO:0043458 ethanol biosynthetic process involved in glucose fermentation to ethanol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, as part of the process of glucose catabolism to ethanol, CO2 and ATP. 14
GO:0017183 peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor eEF-2. 14
GO:0006571 tyrosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. 14
GO:0009247 glycolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). 14
GO:0009250 glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 14
GO:0046512 sphingosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues. 14
GO:0042541 hemoglobin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin. 14
GO:0033466 trans-zeatin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trans-zeatin, (2E)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol. 14
GO:0009807 lignan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist. 14
GO:0046184 aldehyde biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O. 13
GO:0009090 homoserine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. 13
GO:0010246 rhamnogalacturonan I biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide. 13
GO:0019367 fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain. 13
GO:0006700 C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. 13
GO:0006227 dUDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate). 13
GO:0008612 peptidyl-lysine modification to hypusine The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine. 13
GO:0046369 galactose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. 13
GO:0045337 farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. 13
GO:0046474 glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. 13
GO:0019343 cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine. 12
GO:0042125 protein galactosylation The addition of a galactose molecule to a protein amino acid. 12
GO:0043137 DNA replication, removal of RNA primer Removal of the Okazaki RNA primer from the lagging strand of replicating DNA, by a combination of the actions of DNA polymerase, DNA helicase and an endonuclease. 12
GO:0019240 citrulline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins. 12
GO:0006186 dGDP phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP. 12
GO:0006187 dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate. 12
GO:0043100 pyrimidine nucleobase salvage Any process that generates pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine organic nitrogenous bases, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis. 12
GO:0019593 mannitol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group. 12
GO:0051123 RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase. 12
GO:0006166 purine ribonucleoside salvage Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. 12
GO:0034418 urate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine. 12
GO:0006506 GPI anchor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage. 12
GO:0009263 deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. 11
GO:1901607 alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid. 11
GO:0006048 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. 11
GO:0052325 cell wall pectin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall. 11
GO:0006222 UMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate. 11
GO:0006168 adenine salvage Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. 11
GO:0046654 tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group. 11
GO:0009446 putrescine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine. 11
GO:0050428 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems. 11
GO:0006264 mitochondrial DNA replication The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion. 11
GO:0019292 tyrosine biosynthetic process from chorismate via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. 11
GO:0006657 CDP-choline pathway The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine. 11
GO:0046705 CDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate. 11
GO:0009107 lipoate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid. 11
GO:0006271 DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication The process in which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand. 11
GO:0019567 arabinose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinose, arabino-pentose. 11
GO:0006780 uroporphyrinogen III biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III. 11
GO:0045489 pectin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues. 11
GO:0006061 sorbitol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group. 11
GO:0006656 phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. 11
GO:0006114 glycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. 11
GO:0019244 lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate. 10
GO:1901884 4-hydroxycoumarin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-hydroxycoumarin. 10
GO:0030639 polyketide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps. 10
GO:0036092 phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position. 10
GO:0052315 phytoalexin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response. 10
GO:0046103 inosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs. 10
GO:0009715 chalcone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives. 10
GO:0006491 N-glycan processing The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking. 10
GO:0044206 UMP salvage Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis. 10
GO:0006556 S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism. 10
GO:0009800 cinnamic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid. 9
GO:0033014 tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. 9
GO:0006360 transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter. 9
GO:0009082 branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine. 9
GO:0006756 AMP phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP. 9
GO:0046370 fructose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. 9
GO:0006240 dCDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate. 9
GO:0006383 transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter. 9
GO:0033692 cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell. 9
GO:0046173 polyol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms. 9
GO:0006529 asparagine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid. 9
GO:0006651 diacylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues. 9
GO:0006654 phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. 9
GO:0006727 ommochrome biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye. 9
GO:0031148 DIF-1 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one, also known as DIF-1, differentiation-inducing factor-1. DIF-1 is a secreted chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells. 9
GO:0019322 pentose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule. 9
GO:0019294 keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria. 9
GO:0035837 ergot alkaloid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an ergot alkaloid. 9
GO:0042823 pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6. 9
GO:0006005 L-fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose). 8
GO:1901696 cannabinoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cannabinoid. 8
GO:0010142 farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols. 8
GO:0044210 'de novo' CTP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from simpler components. 8
GO:0033384 geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranyl diphosphate. 8
GO:0090431 alkyl caffeate ester biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of alkyl caffeate. 8
GO:0019307 mannose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. 8
GO:0009229 thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle. 8
GO:0033488 cholesterol biosynthetic process via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. 8
GO:0055129 L-proline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 8
GO:0042416 dopamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. 8
GO:0015948 methanogenesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes. 8
GO:0000731 DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. 8
GO:0006703 estrogen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants. 7
GO:0009234 menaquinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2. 7
GO:0009097 isoleucine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid. 7
GO:0006686 sphingomyelin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. 7
GO:0009099 valine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid. 7
GO:0042776 mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. 7
GO:0006390 transcription from mitochondrial promoter The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase. 7
GO:0019872 streptomycin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of streptomycin, a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media; it acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome. 7
GO:0051484 isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway involved in terpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway that contributes to terpenoid biosynthesis. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. 7
GO:0006065 UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. 7
GO:0006705 mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. 7
GO:0009298 GDP-mannose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate. 7
GO:0006545 glycine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid. 7
GO:0009760 C4 photosynthesis The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch. 7
GO:0009152 purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. 7
GO:0046511 sphinganine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. 7
GO:0000734 gene conversion at mating-type locus, DNA repair synthesis Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template during gene conversion at the mating-type locus. 7
GO:0010493 Lewis a epitope biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a Lewis a epitope, a trisaccharide (Fuc-alpha-(1->4)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]GlcNAc) characteristic of plant protein N-linked oligosaccharides. 7
GO:0071897 DNA biosynthetic process The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the formation of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. 7
GO:0046101 hypoxanthine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate. 7
GO:0006167 AMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate. 7
GO:0006728 pteridine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group. 7
GO:0009094 L-phenylalanine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. 7
GO:0018258 protein O-linked glycosylation via hydroxyproline The glycosylation of proteins via 04 atom of hydroxyproline to form O4-glycosyl-L-hydroxyproline; the most common form is arabinofuranosyl-4-proline. 7
GO:0019266 asparagine biosynthetic process from oxaloacetate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine from other compounds, including oxaloacetate. 7
GO:0046166 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis. 7
GO:0046109 uridine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids. 6
GO:0042372 phylloquinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. 6
GO:0019279 L-methionine biosynthetic process from L-homoserine via cystathionine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including L-homoserine, via the intermediate cystathionine. 6
GO:0001174 transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript. 6
GO:0006021 inositol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. 6
GO:0046506 sulfolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sulfolipid, a compound containing a sulfonic acid residue joined by a carbon-sulfur bond to a lipid. 6
GO:0019358 nicotinate nucleotide salvage The generation of nicotinate nucleotide without de novo synthesis. 6
GO:0009085 lysine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid. 6
GO:0019284 L-methionine biosynthetic process from S-adenosylmethionine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including S-adenosylmethionine. 6
GO:0009088 threonine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 6
GO:0006497 protein lipidation The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein. 6
GO:0009067 aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine. 6
GO:1901695 tyramine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyramine. 6
GO:0006235 dTTP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate. 6
GO:0043101 purine-containing compound salvage Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis. 6
GO:0061508 CDP phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into CDP to produce a CTP. 6
GO:0006779 porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. 6
GO:0009240 isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids. 6
GO:0009212 pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar. 6
GO:0033468 CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, a substance composed of the acidic sugar 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate. 6
GO:0008153 para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid, a compound which some organisms, e.g. prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes, and plants, can synthesize de novo. Others, notably mammals, cannot. In yeast, it is present as a factor in the B complex of vitamins. 6
GO:0072528 pyrimidine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof. 6
GO:0000032 cell wall mannoprotein biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues. 6
GO:0009396 folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives. 6
GO:0009216 purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar. 6
GO:0071602 phytosphingosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol. 6
GO:0006501 C-terminal protein lipidation The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy terminus of a protein. 6
GO:0006169 adenosine salvage Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. 5
GO:0070179 D-serine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. D-serine is often formed by racemization of L-serine. 5
GO:0000024 maltose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). 5
GO:0043173 nucleotide salvage Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. 5
GO:0006175 dATP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate). 5
GO:0006231 dTMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate). 5
GO:0000050 urea cycle The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate. 5
GO:0006269 DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis. 5
GO:0006596 polyamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups. 5
GO:0019370 leukotriene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. 5
GO:0010236 plastoquinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast. 5
GO:0010253 UDP-rhamnose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. 5
GO:0006587 serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. 5
GO:0042759 long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. 5
GO:0042371 vitamin K biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. 5
GO:0009854 oxidative photosynthetic carbon pathway The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2). 5
GO:0007004 telomere maintenance via telomerase The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. 5
GO:0045017 glycerolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. 5
GO:0032774 RNA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. 5
GO:0006585 dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. 5
GO:0009095 aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate. 5
GO:0042790 transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript from RNA polymerase I promoter The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I. 5
GO:0042966 biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the biotin carboxyl carrier protein, a subunit of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. 5
GO:0016254 preassembly of GPI anchor in ER membrane The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. 5
GO:0030418 nicotianamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotianamine, 2(S),3'2(S),3''(S)-N-(N-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. 5
GO:0019354 siroheme biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings. 5
GO:0006185 dGDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate). 5
GO:0046219 indolalkylamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. 5
GO:0006702 androgen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics. 5
GO:0019285 glycine betaine biosynthetic process from choline The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of betaine (N-trimethylglycine) from the oxidation of choline. 5
GO:0071266 'de novo' L-methionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid, from simpler components. 5
GO:0046711 GDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate. 5
GO:0044208 'de novo' AMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP). 5
GO:0042362 fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water. 5
GO:0009312 oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. 4
GO:0070981 L-asparagine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, (2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid. 4
GO:0042450 arginine biosynthetic process via ornithine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine. 4
GO:0019365 pyridine nucleotide salvage Any process that generates a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis. 4
GO:0016104 triterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units. 4
GO:0046940 nucleoside monophosphate phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside. 4
GO:0006273 lagging strand elongation The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in a net 3' to 5' direction. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork. 4
GO:0002138 retinoic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. 4
GO:0009103 lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. 4
GO:0006578 amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid. 4
GO:0019540 siderophore biosynthetic process from catechol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including catechol. 4
GO:0050992 dimethylallyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dimethylallyl diphosphate. 4
GO:0006597 spermine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging. 4
GO:0019290 siderophore biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action. 4
GO:0046167 glycerol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol. 4
GO:0046084 adenine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine. 4
GO:0006226 dUMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate). 4
GO:0018283 iron incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster The incorporation of iron into a metallo-sulfur cluster. 4
GO:0006233 dTDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate). 4
GO:0006024 glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. 4
GO:0006493 protein O-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan. 4
GO:0006663 platelet activating factor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli. 4
GO:0001113 transcriptional open complex formation at RNA polymerase II promoter Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble. 4
GO:0046456 icosanoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 4
GO:0000949 aromatic amino acid family catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of aromatic amino acids to produce aromatic alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanol, 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, or tryptophol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols. 4
GO:0044211 CTP salvage Any process which produces cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. 4
GO:0008655 pyrimidine-containing compound salvage Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis. 4
GO:0034356 NAD biosynthesis via nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from the vitamin precursor nicotinamide riboside. 4
GO:0015014 heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. 4
GO:0019427 acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from acetate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate, either directly or via acetylphosphate. 4
GO:0019542 propionate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid. 4
GO:0035269 protein O-linked mannosylation The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage. 4
GO:0033386 geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. 3
GO:1900815 monodictyphenone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monodictyphenone. 3
GO:0046390 ribose phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar. 3
GO:0044205 'de novo' UMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD(+) or oxygen. 3
GO:0006659 phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. 3
GO:0051188 cofactor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. 3
GO:0006489 dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. 3
GO:0070898 RNA polymerase III transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter. 3
GO:0033259 plastid DNA replication The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in a plastid. 3
GO:0052837 thiazole biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. 3
GO:2001295 malonyl-CoA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A. 3
GO:0019371 cyclooxygenase pathway The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2. 3
GO:0006490 oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation. 3
GO:0046202 cyanide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration. 3
GO:0001516 prostaglandin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring. 3
GO:0046086 adenosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes. 3
GO:0042794 rRNA transcription from plastid promoter The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase. 3
GO:0010024 phytochromobilin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha. 3
GO:0090407 organophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose. 3
GO:0042350 GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate. 3
GO:0006384 transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III promoter Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase III promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. 3
GO:0034654 nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 3
GO:0015966 diadenosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached. 3
GO:0033396 beta-alanine biosynthetic process via 3-ureidopropionate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 3-ureidopropionate. 3
GO:0042796 snRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter. 3
GO:0009202 deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar. 3
GO:0051070 galactomannan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactosyl and D-mannosyl. The mannosyl units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactosyl as single side units. 3
GO:0042819 vitamin B6 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate. 3
GO:2001307 xanthone-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a xanthone-containing compound. 3
GO:0042364 water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water. 3
GO:0046129 purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule. 3
GO:0046938 phytochelatin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochelatins, any of a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes. The structure is of the type (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)n-glycine, where n is 2 to 11. 3
GO:0042353 fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fucose (6-deoxygalactose). 3
GO:0006078 (1->6)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans. 3
GO:0019428 allantoin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea. 3
GO:0006188 IMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate. 3
GO:0043097 pyrimidine nucleoside salvage Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. 3
GO:0006223 uracil salvage Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. 2
GO:1900563 dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dehydroaustinol. 2
GO:1901162 primary amino compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound. 2
GO:0070592 cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide destined to form part of a cell wall. 2
GO:0033506 glucosinolate biosynthetic process from homomethionine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates from other compounds including homomethionine. 2
GO:0016255 attachment of GPI anchor to protein A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain. 2
GO:0042351 'de novo' GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271). 2
GO:0032324 molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands. 2
GO:0042427 serotonin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. 2
GO:0032049 cardiolipin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol. 2
GO:0034625 fatty acid elongation, monounsaturated fatty acid Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one C-C double bond has been introduced. 2
GO:0008616 queuosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents. 2
GO:0019353 protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process from glutamate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX from other compounds, including glutamate. 2
GO:0006729 tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. 2
GO:0000711 meiotic DNA repair synthesis During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. 2
GO:0006557 S-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt. 2
GO:0009168 purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar. 2
GO:0006177 GMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate. 2
GO:0042352 GDP-L-fucose salvage The formation of GDP-L-fucose from L-fucose, without de novo synthesis. L-fucose is phosphorylated by fucokinase and then converted by fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (EC:2.7.7.30). 2
GO:0019528 D-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabitol is converted into D-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to form D-xylulose-5-phosphate. 2
GO:0016094 polyprenol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans. 2
GO:0046134 pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). 2
GO:0009245 lipid A biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. 2
GO:0018131 oxazole or thiazole biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oxazole or thiazole, five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen and a sulfur, respectively, in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. 2
GO:0006523 alanine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid. 2
GO:0051278 fungal-type cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the polysaccharides which make up the fungal-type cell wall. 2
GO:0046364 monosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. 2
GO:1900560 austinol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of austinol. 2
GO:0006171 cAMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). 2
GO:0016129 phytosteroid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosteroids, steroids that differ from animal steroids in having substitutions at C24 and/or a double bond at C22. Phytosteroids are so named because they occur in higher plants; some, notably ergosterol, are also found in fungi. 2
GO:0016024 CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. 2
GO:1901697 olivetolic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of olivetolic acid. 2
GO:0042438 melanin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom. 2
GO:0042619 poly-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells. 2
GO:0019265 glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate. 2
GO:0045004 DNA replication proofreading Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity. 1
GO:0032264 IMP salvage Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. 1
GO:0042789 mRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. 1
GO:0033567 DNA replication, Okazaki fragment processing The DNA metabolic process, occurring during lagging strand synthesis, by which RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments, the resulting gaps filled by DNA polymerization, and the ends ligated to form a continuous strand. 1
GO:1901949 5alpha,9alpha,10beta-labda-8(20),13-dien-15-yl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5alpha,9alpha,10beta-labda-8(20),13-dien-15-yl diphosphate. 1
GO:0042423 catecholamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. 1
GO:0080028 nitrile biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitrile, an organic compound containing trivalent nitrogen attached to one carbon atom. 1
GO:0019281 L-methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including homoserine, via the intermediates O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine. 1
GO:1901708 (+)-3'-hydroxylarreatricin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-3'-hydroxylarreatricin. 1
GO:0019242 methylglyoxal biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid. 1
GO:0045456 ecdysteroid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development. 1
GO:0006781 succinyl-CoA pathway The chemical reactions that utilize succinyl-CoA in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX. 1
GO:0009244 lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues. 1
GO:0097293 XMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate. 1
GO:0097056 selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec). This process occurs through the following steps: a unique serine-tRNA with a UGA recognizing anticodon is first aminoacylated with serine; this is then phosphorylated by phosphoseryl-tRNA[Ser]Sec kinase; lastly, selenium is swapped for the phosphate on the serine. 1
GO:0033587 shikimate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid. 1
GO:0006279 premeiotic DNA replication The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division. 1
GO:0009127 purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar. 1
GO:0042425 choline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 1
GO:0015012 heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues. 1
GO:0009242 colanic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide. 1
GO:1901946 miltiradiene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of miltiradiene. 1
GO:0009156 ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar. 1
GO:0016260 selenocysteine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins. 1
GO:0008611 ether lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol. 1
GO:0097394 telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter The synthesis of telomeric RNA from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter. 1
GO:0019363 pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base. 1
GO:0043650 dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. 1
GO:0034411 cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells. 1
GO:0006042 glucosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin. 1
GO:0051483 terpenoid biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, independent of mevalonate. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in terpenoid biosynthesis, and in mevalonate-independent biosynthesis, it is produced from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. 1
GO:0001123 transcription initiation from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter Any process involved in the assembly of bacterial-type RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription. 1
GO:0019685 photosynthesis, dark reaction A complex cycle of enzyme-mediated reactions which catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar. As well as carbon dioxide the cycle requires reducing power in the form of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP are produced by the 'light' reactions. 1
GO:0043094 cellular metabolic compound salvage Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells. 1
GO:0034626 fatty acid elongation, polyunsaturated fatty acid Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which two or more C-C double bonds have been introduced. 1
GO:0006038 cell wall chitin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells. 1
GO:0050983 deoxyhypusine biosynthetic process from spermidine The chemical reactions resulting in the formation of deoxyhypusine from spermidine by the enzyme [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine synthase. The reaction occurs in four steps: 1. spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH + H+; 2. dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = 1,3-diaminopropane + [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 3. [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 = [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 4. [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 + NADH + H+ = [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+. 1
GO:0043604 amide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. 1
GO:0006045 N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein. 1
GO:0034265 isopentenyl adenine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokinin 6-isopentenyladenine. 1
GO:0046901 tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues. 1
GO:0034355 NAD salvage Any process that generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis; salvage is usually from the degradation products nicotinic acid (Na) and nicotinamide (Nam). 1
GO:0042401 cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. 1
GO:0033521 phytyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytyl diphosphate, (2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl trihydrogen diphosphate. 1
GO:0043103 hypoxanthine salvage Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. 1
GO:0009304 tRNA transcription The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template. 1
GO:0043043 peptide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. 1
GO:1901601 strigolactone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of strigolactone. 1
GO:0033260 nuclear cell cycle DNA replication The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. 1
GO:0033490 cholesterol biosynthetic process via lathosterol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate lathosterol. 1
GO:0009252 peptidoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls. 1
GO:0019856 pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. 1
GO:0006784 heme a biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3. 1
GO:0006353 DNA-dependent transcription, termination The cellular process that completes DNA-dependent transcription; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA. 1
GO:0006035 cuticle chitin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles. 1
GO:0052865 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis. 1
GO:0042964 thioredoxin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thioredoxin, a small disulfide-containing redox protein that serves as a general protein disulfide oxidoreductase. 1
GO:0070409 carbamoyl phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways. 1