Go terms map to parent GO term: GO:0005623   cell
GOID
Link to GO
 Functional Category Description Protein Count
link to
protein list
GO:0005886 plasma membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. 1551
GO:0043025 neuronal cell body The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. 530
GO:0009986 cell surface The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. 413
GO:0030424 axon The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. 351
GO:0030425 dendrite A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. 278
GO:0043005 neuron projection A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. 240
GO:0030496 midbody A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis. 213
GO:0044464 cell part Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. 173
GO:0042995 cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. 149
GO:0030426 growth cone The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite. 134
GO:0044463 cell projection part Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. 130
GO:0032154 cleavage furrow In animal cells, the first sign of cleavage, or cytokinesis, is the appearance of a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. A contractile ring containing actin and myosin is located just inside the plasma membrane at the location of the furrow. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that deepens the cleavage furrow and divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. While the term 'cleavage furrow' was initially associated with animal cells, such a structure occurs in many other types of cells, including unicellular protists. 123
GO:0045177 apical part of cell The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. 122
GO:0012505 endomembrane system A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. 116
GO:0043197 dendritic spine Protrusion from a dendrite. Spines are specialised subcellular compartments involved in the synaptic transmission. They are linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Because of their bulb shape, they function as a biochemical and an electrical compartment. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. 115
GO:0030027 lamellipodium A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments. 99
GO:0005934 cellular bud tip The end of a cellular bud distal to the site of attachment to the mother cell. 94
GO:0005935 cellular bud neck The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding. 92
GO:0071944 cell periphery The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. 92
GO:0043204 perikaryon The portion of the cell soma (cell body) that excludes the nucleus. 89
GO:0001726 ruffle Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. 88
GO:0043195 terminal bouton Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it. 82
GO:0043332 mating projection tip The apex of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone; site of polarized growth. 80
GO:0043679 axon terminus Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it. 79
GO:0031252 cell leading edge The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. 78
GO:0001917 photoreceptor inner segment The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. 73
GO:0030175 filopodium Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward. 70
GO:0051286 cell tip The region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell. 70
GO:0005622 intracellular The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. 69
GO:0031521 spitzenkorper Structure within the hyphal tip of filamentous fungi that acts as an organizing center for hyphal tip growth; may function to supply vesicles to the elongating tip and/or to organize cytoskeletal microfilaments. 67
GO:0042734 presynaptic membrane A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. 67
GO:0031143 pseudopodium A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding. 58
GO:0043198 dendritic shaft Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines. 52
GO:0032153 cell division site The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles. 52
GO:0033267 axon part A part of an axon, a cell projection of a neuron. 51
GO:0044297 cell body The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. 51
GO:0032433 filopodium tip The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell. 50
GO:0048786 presynaptic active zone A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, synaptic vesicles, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix. 45
GO:0001931 uropod A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively. 45
GO:0005905 coated pit A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. 45
GO:0005902 microvillus Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. 45
GO:0097458 neuron part Any constituent part of a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. A typical neuron consists of a cell body (often called the soma), an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. 41
GO:0012506 vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. 35
GO:0016028 rhabdomere The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction. 35
GO:0097223 sperm part Any constituent part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. 31
GO:0030427 site of polarized growth Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place. 30
GO:0005903 brush border Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell. 30
GO:0001411 hyphal tip The end, or tip, of a fungal hypha, where polarized growth occurs during hyphal elongation. 28
GO:0030428 cell septum A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells. 27
GO:0043209 myelin sheath An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. 23
GO:0005628 prospore membrane The prospore membrane is a double-membraned structure that extends from the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole bodies to encompass the spindle pole bodies and the four nuclear lobes that are formed during meiosis. It helps isolate the meiotic nuclei from the cytoplasm during spore formation and serves as a foundation for the formation of the spore walls. An example of this component is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 22
GO:0044295 axonal growth cone The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon. 19
GO:0072357 PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that contains a catalytic subunit (PPP1CA, PPP1CB or PPP1CC) and the regulatory subunits PPP1R10 (PNUTS), TOX4 and WDR82, and plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase. 17
GO:0042175 nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. 15
GO:0033268 node of Ranvier An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed. 14
GO:0001400 mating projection base The region where the mating projection meets the bulk of the cell, in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone. 13
GO:0033269 internode region of axon An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath. 12
GO:0044304 main axon The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals. 12
GO:0045178 basal part of cell The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. 11
GO:0090406 pollen tube A tubular cell projection that is part of a pollen tube cell and extends from a pollen grain. 11
GO:0005933 cellular bud A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated. 11
GO:0044224 juxtaparanode region of axon A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions. 10
GO:0044292 dendrite terminus A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole. 10
GO:0035838 growing cell tip The region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell, where polarized growth occurs. 9
GO:0044306 neuron projection terminus The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite. 9
GO:0032155 cell division site part Any constituent part of the cell division plane, the eventual plane of cell division in a dividing cell. 8
GO:0033270 paranode region of axon An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath. 8
GO:0005937 mating projection The projection formed by unicellular fungi in response to mating pheromone. 8
GO:0090404 pollen tube tip The region at growing end of the pollen tube cell, where polarized growth occurs. 7
GO:0060187 cell pole Either of two different areas at opposite ends of an axis of a cell. 7
GO:0070938 contractile ring A cytoskeletal structure composed of filamentous protein that forms beneath the membrane of many cells or organelles, in the plane of cell or organelle division. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells or organelles. 7
GO:0043219 lateral loop Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode. 7
GO:0070451 cell hair A long, thin cell projection that contains F-actin and tubulin, with microtubules centrally located and F-actin peripherally located. 7
GO:0043194 axon initial segment Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment. 6
GO:0000935 barrier septum A septum which spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments. 6
GO:0043220 Schmidt-Lanterman incisure Regions within compact myelin in which the cytoplasmic faces of the enveloping myelin sheath are not tightly juxtaposed, and include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for making the myelin. Schmidt-Lanterman incisures occur in the compact myelin internode, while lateral loops are analogous structures found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier. 6
GO:0035748 myelin sheath abaxonal region The region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon. 6
GO:0005642 annulate lamellae Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER. 6
GO:0097449 astrocyte projection A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons. 4
GO:0030312 external encapsulating structure A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell. 4
GO:0071683 sensory dendrite A dendrite that is found on a sensory neuron, and directly transduces a sensory signal from the sensory neuron to another neuron. 4
GO:0097454 Schwann cell microvillus Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane. 4
GO:0042597 periplasmic space The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner membrane and cell wall (Fungi). 4
GO:0061174 type I terminal bouton Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it. 4
GO:0048787 presynaptic active zone membrane The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters. 4
GO:0044393 microspike A dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell. 4
GO:0035749 myelin sheath adaxonal region The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon. 3
GO:0044309 neuron spine A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck. 3
GO:0031975 envelope A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. 2
GO:0030904 retromer complex A conserved multimeric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. For example, the budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. 2
GO:0070864 sperm individualization complex A macromolecular complex that includes cytoskeletal components and part of the cell membrane. Forms at the nuclear end of a male germline syncytium, or cyst, and translocates the over the length of the syncytium in the course of sperm individualization. Each complex contains an array of 64 investment cones, one per nucleus, that move synchronously along the spermatogenic cyst. 2
GO:0071595 Nem1-Spo7 phosphatase complex A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that is involved in nuclear envelope organization, and contains proteins known in budding yeast as Nem1p and Spo7p. 2
GO:0030287 cell wall-bounded periplasmic space The region between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, as found in organisms such as yeast and Gram positive bacteria. The region is thinner than the equivalent in Gram negative bacteria. 2
GO:0043196 varicosity Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. 2
GO:0032059 bleb A cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions. 2
GO:0043203 axon hillock Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates. 2
GO:0070685 macropinocytic cup A cell projection that forms at the site of macropinocytosis, a form of endocytosis that results in the uptake of relatively large amounts of extracellular fluid. The macropinocytic cup membrane selectively excludes certain proteins, such as H36 or PM4C4 in Dictyostelium, and the underlying cytoskeleton is enriched in F-actin and coronin. 2
GO:0035841 new growing cell tip A cell tip that was newly formed at the last cell division, and that has started to grow after the cell has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). New end take-off is when monopolar cells initiate bipolar growth. 2
GO:0031912 oral apparatus Complex basket- or funnel-like structure used by the cell to collect food and channel it to the cytostome; includes specialized sub-structures made up of closely-spaced cilia and underlying basal bodies and fibrillar systems. 1
GO:0031522 cell envelope Sec protein transport complex A transmembrane protein complex involved in the translocation of proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. In Gram-negative bacteria, Sec-translocated proteins are subsequently secreted via the type II, IV, or V secretion systems. Sec complex components include SecA, D, E, F, G, Y and YajC. 1
GO:0044299 C-fiber The axon of a dorsal root ganglion cell that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated. 1
GO:0061177 type Is terminal bouton Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary for the phasic release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. Type Is terminal boutons are smaller than type Ib terminal boutons. 1
GO:0035839 non-growing cell tip A cell tip at which no growth takes place. For example, in fission yeast the cell end newly formed by cell division does not grow immediately upon its formation, and lacks actin cytoskeletal structures. 1
GO:0008287 protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein. 1
GO:0097440 apical dendrite A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon. 1
GO:0070852 cell body fiber A neuron projection that is found in unipolar neurons and corresponds to the region between the cell body and the point at which the single projection branches. 1
GO:0044316 cone cell pedicle A specialized axon terminus which is produced by retinal cone cells. Pedicles are large, conical, flat end-feet (8-10 micrometers diameter) of the retinal cone axon that lie more or less side by side on the same plane at the outer edge of the outer plexiform layer (OPL). 1
GO:0061176 type Ib terminal bouton Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary for the tonic release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. Type Ib terminal boutons are larger than type Is terminal boutons. 1
GO:0044300 cerebellar mossy fiber An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons as "mossy" appearance in Golgi stained preparations. 1
GO:0020039 pellicle The structure enclosing an apicomplexan parasite cell; consists of the cell membrane with its associated infrastructure of microtubules, microfilaments and other organelles. 1
GO:0044294 dendritic growth cone The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell dendrite. 1