| GOID Link to GO |
Functional Category | Description | Protein Count link to protein list |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0006094 | gluconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. | 68 |
| GO:0006096 | glycolysis | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) on the sixth carbon by a hexokinase, and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle. | 50 |
| GO:0018279 | protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine | The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification. | 33 |
| GO:0006006 | glucose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. | 33 |
| GO:0009312 | oligosaccharide biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. | 26 |
| GO:0006007 | glucose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. | 25 |
| GO:0052696 | flavonoid glucuronidation | The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor. | 20 |
| GO:0052697 | xenobiotic glucuronidation | The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion. | 20 |
| GO:0018243 | protein O-linked glycosylation via threonine | The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine. | 18 |
| GO:0005977 | glycogen metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. | 17 |
| GO:0006487 | protein N-linked glycosylation | A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan. | 17 |
| GO:0018242 | protein O-linked glycosylation via serine | The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine. | 15 |
| GO:0006471 | protein ADP-ribosylation | The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. | 14 |
| GO:0044262 | cellular carbohydrate metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. | 13 |
| GO:0006493 | protein O-linked glycosylation | A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan. | 12 |
| GO:0006098 | pentose-phosphate shunt | The process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses. | 12 |
| GO:0016266 | O-glycan processing | The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure. | 12 |
| GO:0046855 | inositol phosphate dephosphorylation | The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol. | 11 |
| GO:0005980 | glycogen catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. | 11 |
| GO:0005978 | glycogen biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. | 10 |
| GO:0006013 | mannose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. | 7 |
| GO:0036065 | fucosylation | The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule. | 7 |
| GO:0009052 | pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch | The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P. | 6 |
| GO:0044723 | single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism. | 6 |
| GO:0042732 | D-xylose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. | 6 |
| GO:0019852 | L-ascorbic acid metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species. | 6 |
| GO:0006486 | protein glycosylation | A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. | 6 |
| GO:0006097 | glyoxylate cycle | A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate. | 5 |
| GO:0015014 | heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. | 5 |
| GO:0036066 | protein O-linked fucosylation | The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage. | 5 |
| GO:0009311 | oligosaccharide metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. | 5 |
| GO:0046835 | carbohydrate phosphorylation | The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y. | 5 |
| GO:0019388 | galactose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. | 4 |
| GO:0030244 | cellulose biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation. | 4 |
| GO:0043458 | ethanol biosynthetic process involved in glucose fermentation to ethanol | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, as part of the process of glucose catabolism to ethanol, CO2 and ATP. | 4 |
| GO:0006075 | (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds. | 4 |
| GO:0005993 | trehalose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. | 4 |
| GO:0006000 | fructose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey. | 4 |
| GO:0019301 | rhamnose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose. | 4 |
| GO:0010413 | glucuronoxylan metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid side units. | 4 |
| GO:0000271 | polysaccharide biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. | 4 |
| GO:0045492 | xylan biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone. | 4 |
| GO:0019853 | L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions. | 3 |
| GO:0006073 | cellular glucan metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. | 3 |
| GO:0005992 | trehalose biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. | 3 |
| GO:0009051 | pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch | The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2). | 3 |
| GO:0005998 | xylulose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose. | 3 |
| GO:0019320 | hexose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. | 3 |
| GO:0030259 | lipid glycosylation | Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule. | 3 |
| GO:0009251 | glucan catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. | 3 |
| GO:0046352 | disaccharide catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units. | 3 |
| GO:0019322 | pentose biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule. | 3 |
| GO:0046369 | galactose biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. | 3 |
| GO:0051160 | L-xylitol catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. | 2 |
| GO:0019570 | L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate. | 2 |
| GO:0033577 | protein glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum | The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum. | 2 |
| GO:0006012 | galactose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose. | 2 |
| GO:0006020 | inositol metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. | 2 |
| GO:0019521 | D-gluconate metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose. | 2 |
| GO:0052695 | cellular glucuronidation | The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor. | 2 |
| GO:0005976 | polysaccharide metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. | 2 |
| GO:0046370 | fructose biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. | 2 |
| GO:0046327 | glycerol biosynthetic process from pyruvate | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, from other compounds, including pyruvate. | 2 |
| GO:0019568 | arabinose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinose, arabino-pentose. | 2 |
| GO:0016051 | carbohydrate biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. | 2 |
| GO:0000272 | polysaccharide catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. | 2 |
| GO:0006062 | sorbitol catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group. | 2 |
| GO:0019252 | starch biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. | 2 |
| GO:0042843 | D-xylose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. | 2 |
| GO:0042838 | D-glucarate catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. | 2 |
| GO:0019564 | aerobic glycerol catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, in the presence of oxygen. | 2 |
| GO:0006490 | oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation. | 2 |
| GO:0016052 | carbohydrate catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. | 2 |
| GO:0006038 | cell wall chitin biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells. | 2 |
| GO:0034484 | raffinose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. | 2 |
| GO:0045226 | extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures. | 2 |
| GO:0006114 | glycerol biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. | 2 |
| GO:0070213 | protein auto-ADP-ribosylation | The ADP-ribosylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. | 1 |
| GO:0005997 | xylulose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose. | 1 |
| GO:0042355 | L-fucose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose). | 1 |
| GO:0046365 | monosaccharide catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. | 1 |
| GO:0033692 | cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell. | 1 |
| GO:0006001 | fructose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. | 1 |
| GO:0044275 | cellular carbohydrate catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells. | 1 |
| GO:0000025 | maltose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). | 1 |
| GO:0010410 | hemicellulose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemicelluloses, plant cell wall polysaccharides that have a backbone of 1,4-linked beta-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation. Many different hemicelluloses usually occur intermixed with each molecular type representing different degrees of polymerization and contain many different sugar monomers, which can include glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses also contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present. | 1 |
| GO:0005996 | monosaccharide metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. | 1 |
| GO:0043413 | macromolecule glycosylation | The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule. | 1 |
| GO:0042840 | D-glucuronate catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate. | 1 |
| GO:0010383 | cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall polysaccharides. | 1 |
| GO:0006078 | (1->6)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans. | 1 |
| GO:0006491 | N-glycan processing | The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking. | 1 |
| GO:0019563 | glycerol catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. | 1 |
| GO:0034221 | fungal-type cell wall chitin biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of fungal cells. | 1 |
| GO:0009103 | lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. | 1 |
| GO:0006014 | D-ribose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12. | 1 |
| GO:0019307 | mannose biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. | 1 |
| GO:0006071 | glycerol metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. | 1 |
| GO:0044247 | cellular polysaccharide catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, as carried out by individual cells. | 1 |
| GO:0000023 | maltose metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch. | 1 |
| GO:0070085 | glycosylation | The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a substrate molecule. | 1 |
| GO:0070212 | protein poly-ADP-ribosylation | The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain. | 1 |
| GO:0005983 | starch catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. | 1 |
| GO:1901027 | dextrin catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dextrin. | 1 |
| GO:0005987 | sucrose catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. | 1 |
| GO:0035269 | protein O-linked mannosylation | The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage. | 1 |