| GOID Link to GO |
Functional Category | Description | Protein Count link to protein list |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0007268 | synaptic transmission | The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. | 127 |
| GO:0046331 | lateral inhibition | Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells. | 101 |
| GO:0007269 | neurotransmitter secretion | The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. | 63 |
| GO:0007274 | neuromuscular synaptic transmission | The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. | 47 |
| GO:0048488 | synaptic vesicle endocytosis | An endocytosis process that results in the invagination of the axonal plasma membrane to create a membrane-bounded vesicle. This process takes up excess membrane that would otherwise accumulate at the presynaptic terminal due to fusion of vesicle membranes during neurotransmitter release. The vesicles created may subsequently be used for neurotransmitter storage and release. | 24 |
| GO:0016079 | synaptic vesicle exocytosis | Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. | 20 |
| GO:0050807 | regulation of synapse organization | Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). | 20 |
| GO:0008582 | regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions. | 19 |
| GO:0048490 | anterograde synaptic vesicle transport | The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron, along the cytoskeleton, away from the neuronal cell body. | 18 |
| GO:0007271 | synaptic transmission, cholinergic | The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. | 18 |
| GO:0048489 | synaptic vesicle transport | The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body. | 17 |
| GO:0060025 | regulation of synaptic activity | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic activity, the controlled release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft and their subsequent detection by a postsynaptic cell. | 16 |
| GO:0050803 | regulation of synapse structure and activity | Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). | 14 |
| GO:0045886 | negative regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction. | 14 |
| GO:0051965 | positive regulation of synapse assembly | Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. | 13 |
| GO:0001505 | regulation of neurotransmitter levels | Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. | 12 |
| GO:0051932 | synaptic transmission, GABAergic | The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). | 11 |
| GO:0045887 | positive regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction. | 11 |
| GO:0015842 | synaptic vesicle amine transport | The directed movement of amines into, out of or within synaptic vesicles. | 11 |
| GO:0090394 | negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential | Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. | 10 |
| GO:0001504 | neurotransmitter uptake | The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft. | 10 |
| GO:0035249 | synaptic transmission, glutamatergic | The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. | 10 |
| GO:0051835 | positive regulation of synapse structural plasticity | Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic structural plasticity. | 10 |
| GO:0051963 | regulation of synapse assembly | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. | 9 |
| GO:0016183 | synaptic vesicle coating | A protein coat is added to the synaptic vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination. | 9 |
| GO:0030073 | insulin secretion | The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. | 9 |
| GO:0060638 | mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling | Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted. | 8 |
| GO:0060235 | lens induction in camera-type eye | Signaling at short range between the head ectoderm and the optic vesicle that results in the head ectoderm forming a lens. | 8 |
| GO:0060061 | Spemann organizer formation | Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan. | 8 |
| GO:0042136 | neurotransmitter biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. | 7 |
| GO:0016188 | synaptic vesicle maturation | Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle. | 7 |
| GO:0060684 | epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling | Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted. | 7 |
| GO:0060079 | regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential | Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. | 7 |
| GO:0007270 | neuron-neuron synaptic transmission | The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse. | 6 |
| GO:2000463 | positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential | Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. | 6 |
| GO:0014047 | glutamate secretion | The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. | 6 |
| GO:0051935 | L-glutamate uptake involved in synaptic transmission | The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. | 5 |
| GO:0002553 | histamine secretion by mast cell | The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells. | 5 |
| GO:0001963 | synaptic transmission, dopaminergic | The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine. | 5 |
| GO:0051823 | regulation of synapse structural plasticity | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane. | 5 |
| GO:0048791 | calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter | The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where the release step is dependent on the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). The neurotransmitter is contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle, and is released by fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic plasma membrane of a nerve cell. | 5 |
| GO:0042062 | long-term strengthening of neuromuscular junction | Any process that results in an increase in the efficacy of transmission at a neuromuscular synapse. | 5 |
| GO:0051610 | serotonin uptake | The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. | 5 |
| GO:0051583 | dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission | The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. | 5 |
| GO:0016081 | synaptic vesicle docking involved in exocytosis | The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane. | 5 |
| GO:0001759 | organ induction | The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ. | 5 |
| GO:0072034 | renal vesicle induction | Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the renal vesicle. | 5 |
| GO:0023061 | signal release | The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. | 5 |
| GO:0016204 | determination of muscle attachment site | The process that mediates the transfer of information from the cells of a muscle to those of its intended target, thereby identifying the target site. | 5 |
| GO:0060084 | synaptic transmission involved in micturition | The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. | 4 |
| GO:0042133 | neurotransmitter metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. | 4 |
| GO:0060492 | lung induction | The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the foregut to change their fates and specify the development of the lung. | 4 |
| GO:0060078 | regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential | Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the postsynaptic membrane potential, which is generated by changes in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron that receives information at a synapse. The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. After being bound by the neurotransmitters, these receptors can open or close an ion channel, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell and therefore altering the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. | 4 |
| GO:0090129 | positive regulation of synapse maturation | Any process that increases the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. | 4 |
| GO:0051964 | negative regulation of synapse assembly | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. | 4 |
| GO:0060764 | cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development | Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure. | 4 |
| GO:0035425 | autocrine signaling | Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type. | 3 |
| GO:0030252 | growth hormone secretion | The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood. | 3 |
| GO:0086052 | membrane repolarization involved in regulation of SA node cell action potential | The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. | 3 |
| GO:0045213 | neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors. | 3 |
| GO:0086014 | regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrial cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. | 3 |
| GO:0006581 | acetylcholine catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. | 3 |
| GO:2000331 | regulation of terminal button organization | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization. | 3 |
| GO:0060665 | regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling | Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium. | 2 |
| GO:0060080 | regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential | Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) which is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential. | 2 |
| GO:0060738 | epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development | Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. | 2 |
| GO:0016080 | synaptic vesicle targeting | The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces. | 2 |
| GO:0086015 | regulation of SA node cell action potential | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell. | 2 |
| GO:0003130 | BMP signaling pathway involved in heart induction | A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to heart induction. | 2 |
| GO:0008292 | acetylcholine biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. | 2 |
| GO:0045212 | neurotransmitter receptor biosynthetic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitter receptors. | 2 |
| GO:0031629 | synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane | Fusion of the membrane of a synaptic vesicle with its target presynaptic membrane, thereby releasing its cargo neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. | 2 |
| GO:0016082 | synaptic vesicle priming | The formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion. | 2 |
| GO:0032275 | luteinizing hormone secretion | The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. | 1 |
| GO:2000297 | negative regulation of synapse maturation | Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse maturation. | 1 |
| GO:0016191 | synaptic vesicle uncoating | The removal of the protein coat on a synaptic vesicle. | 1 |
| GO:0014051 | gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion | The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues. | 1 |
| GO:0086029 | Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling | Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. | 1 |
| GO:0060062 | Spemann organizer formation at the dorsal lip of the blastopore | Formation of the specialized region at the dorsal lip of the blatopore of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan. | 1 |
| GO:0046333 | octopamine metabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways involving octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species. | 1 |
| GO:0021938 | smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor cell proliferation | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in cerebellar granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells. | 1 |
| GO:0016185 | synaptic vesicle budding from presynaptic membrane | Evagination of the presynaptic membrane, resulting in the formation of a new synaptic vesicle. | 1 |
| GO:0061290 | canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in metanephric kidney development | The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. | 1 |
| GO:0031128 | developmental induction | Signaling at short range between cells or tissues of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or tissue effecting a developmental change in the other. | 1 |
| GO:0035898 | parathyroid hormone secretion | The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system. | 1 |
| GO:0046884 | follicle-stimulating hormone secretion | The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. | 1 |
| GO:0045168 | cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment | Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. | 1 |
| GO:0060783 | mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development | The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development. | 1 |
| GO:0042135 | neurotransmitter catabolic process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. | 1 |
| GO:0061359 | regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by Wnt protein secretion | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signaling pathway by the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell. | 1 |