Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Required for the coactivation of estrogen responsive promoters by Swi/Snf complexes and the SRC/p160 family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Also involved in vitamin D-coupled transcription regulation via its association with the WINAC complex, a chromatin-remodeling complex recruited by vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is required for the ligand-bound VDR-mediated transrepression of the CYP27B1 gene (By similarity). Belongs to the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex). During neural development a switch from a stem/progenitor to a post-mitotic chromatin remodeling mechanism occurs as neurons exit the cell cycle and become committed to their adult state. The transition from proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells to post-mitotic neurons requires a switch in subunit composition of the npBAF and nBAF complexes. As neural progenitors exit mitosis and differentiate into neurons, npBAF complexes which contain ACTL6A/BAF53A and PHF10/BAF45A, are exchanged for homologous alternative ACTL6B/BAF53B and DPF1/BAF45B or DPF3/BAF45C subunits in neuron-specific complexes (nBAF). The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth. Mus musculus (taxid: 10090)
>sp|Q56A18|SMCE1_RAT SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 OS=Rattus norvegicus GN=Smarce1 PE=1 SV=1
Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Required for the coactivation of estrogen responsive promoters by Swi/Snf complexes and the SRC/p160 family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Also involved in vitamin D-coupled transcription regulation via its association with the WINAC complex, a chromatin-remodeling complex recruited by vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is required for the ligand-bound VDR-mediated transrepression of the CYP27B1 gene. Belongs to the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex). During neural development a switch from a stem/progenitor to a post-mitotic chromatin remodeling mechanism occurs as neurons exit the cell cycle and become committed to their adult state. The transition from proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells to post-mitotic neurons requires a switch in subunit composition of the npBAF and nBAF complexes. As neural progenitors exit mitosis and differentiate into neurons, npBAF complexes which contain ACTL6A/BAF53A and PHF10/BAF45A, are exchanged for homologous alternative ACTL6B/BAF53B and DPF1/BAF45B or DPF3/BAF45C subunits in neuron-specific complexes (nBAF). The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth.
Rattus norvegicus (taxid: 10116)
>sp|Q969G3|SMCE1_HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 OS=Homo sapiens GN=SMARCE1 PE=1 SV=2
Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Belongs to the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex). During neural development a switch from a stem/progenitor to a post-mitotic chromatin remodeling mechanism occurs as neurons exit the cell cycle and become committed to their adult state. The transition from proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells to post-mitotic neurons requires a switch in subunit composition of the npBAF and nBAF complexes. As neural progenitors exit mitosis and differentiate into neurons, npBAF complexes which contain ACTL6A/BAF53A and PHF10/BAF45A, are exchanged for homologous alternative ACTL6B/BAF53B and DPF1/BAF45B or DPF3/BAF45C subunits in neuron-specific complexes (nBAF). The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth (By similarity). Required for the coactivation of estrogen responsive promoters by Swi/Snf complexes and the SRC/p160 family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Also specifically interacts with the CoREST corepressor resulting in repression of neuronal specific gene promoters in non-neuronal cells. Also involved in vitamin D-coupled transcription regulation via its association with the WINAC complex, a chromatin-remodeling complex recruited by vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is required for the ligand-bound VDR-mediated transrepression of the CYP27B1 gene.
Homo sapiens (taxid: 9606)
>sp|Q91ZW1|TFAM_RAT Transcription factor A, mitochondrial OS=Rattus norvegicus GN=Tfam PE=2 SV=1
Isoform Mitochondrial binds to the mitochondrial light strand promoter and functions in mitochondrial transcription regulation. Required for accurate and efficient promoter recognition by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Promotes transcription initiation from the HSP1 and the light strand promoter by binding immediately upstream of transcriptional start sites. Is able to unwind and bend DNA. Required for maintenance of normal levels of mitochondrial DNA. May play a role in organizing and compacting mitochondrial DNA (By similarity). Isoform Nuclear may also function as a transcriptional activator or may have a structural role in the compaction of nuclear DNA during spermatogenesis. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
UNIPROTKB|B4DGM3 SMARCE1 "cDNA FLJ55202, highly similar to SWI/SNF-related matrix-associatedactin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1" [Homo sapiens (taxid:9606)]
These proteins bind the minor groove of DNA in a non-sequence specific fashion and contain two or more tandem HMG boxes. Class II members include non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2, which bind to bent or distorted DNA such as four-way DNA junctions, synthetic DNA cruciforms, kinked cisplatin-modified DNA, DNA bulges, cross-overs in supercoiled DNA, and can cause looping of linear DNA. Class III members include nucleolar and mitochondrial transcription factors, UBF and mtTF1, which bind four-way DNA junctions. Length = 66
>gnl|CDD|238037 cd00084, HMG-box, High Mobility Group (HMG)-box is found in a variety of eukaryotic chromosomal proteins and transcription factors
Score = 52.2 bits (126), Expect = 2e-11
Identities = 21/52 (40%), Positives = 35/52 (67%)
Query: 2 PYMRYSRKVWDQVKAQNLDLKLWEIGKIIGQMWRDLPEDQKTEYVEDYEQEK 53
Y +S++ +VKA+N L + EI KI+G+MW+ L E++K +Y E E++K
Sbjct: 7 AYFLFSQEHRAEVKAENPGLSVGEISKILGEMWKSLSEEEKKKYEEKAEKDK 58
HMGs bind to the minor groove of DNA and have been classified by DNA binding preferences. Two phylogenically distinct groups of Class I proteins bind DNA in a sequence specific fashion and contain a single HMG box. One group (SOX-TCF) includes transcription factors, TCF-1, -3, -4; and also SRY and LEF-1, which bind four-way DNA junctions and duplex DNA targets. The second group (MATA) includes fungal mating type gene products MC, MATA1 and Ste11. Class II and III proteins (HMGB-UBF) bind DNA in a non-sequence specific fashion and contain two or more tandem HMG boxes. Class II members include non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2, which bind to bent or distorted DNA such as four-way DNA junctions, synthetic DNA cruciforms, kinked cisplatin-modified DNA, DNA bulges, cross-overs in supercoiled DNA, and can cause looping of linear DNA. Class III members include nucleolar and mitochondrial transcription factors, UBF and mtTF1, which bind four-way DNA junctions. Length = 66
Score = 34.9 bits (81), Expect = 2e-04
Identities = 19/51 (37%), Positives = 28/51 (54%)
Query: 3 YMRYSRKVWDQVKAQNLDLKLWEIGKIIGQMWRDLPEDQKTEYVEDYEQEK 53
++ Y + Q+K +N L EI +IIG+MWR + K Y E E+EK
Sbjct: 9 FILYRQDKHAQLKTENPGLTNNEISRIIGRMWRSESPEVKAYYKELAEEEK 59
These proteins contain a single HMG box, and bind the minor groove of DNA in a highly sequence-specific manner. Members include the fungal mating type gene products MC, MATA1 and Ste11. Length = 77
>gnl|CDD|227935 COG5648, NHP6B, Chromatin-associated proteins containing the HMG domain [Chromatin structure and dynamics]
These proteins contain a single HMG box, and bind the minor groove of DNA in a highly sequence-specific manner. Members include the fungal mating type gene products MC, MATA1 and Ste11.
>cd01388 SOX-TCF_HMG-box SOX-TCF_HMG-box, class I member of the HMG-box superfamily of DNA-binding proteins
These proteins contain a single HMG box, and bind the minor groove of DNA in a highly sequence-specific manner. Members include SRY and its homologs in insects and vertebrates, and transcription factor-like proteins, TCF-1, -3, -4, and LEF-1. They appear to bind the minor groove of the A/T C A A A G/C-motif.
>PTZ00199 high mobility group protein; Provisional
These proteins bind the minor groove of DNA in a non-sequence specific fashion and contain two or more tandem HMG boxes. Class II members include non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2, which bind to bent or distorted DNA such as four-way DNA junctions, synthetic DNA cruciforms, kinked cisplatin-modified DNA, DNA bulges, cross-overs in supercoiled DNA, and can cause looping of linear DNA. Class III members include nucleolar and mitochondrial transcription factors, UBF and mtTF1, which bind four-way DNA junctions.
>PF00505 HMG_box: HMG (high mobility group) box; InterPro: IPR000910 High mobility group (HMG or HMGB) proteins are a family of relatively low molecular weight non-histone components in chromatin
HMG1 (also called HMG-T in fish) and HMG2 are two highly related proteins that bind single-stranded DNA preferentially and unwind double-stranded DNA. Although they have no sequence specificity, they have a high affinity for bent or distorted DNA, and bend linear DNA. HMG1 and HMG2 contain two DNA-binding HMG-box domains (A and B) that show structural and functional differences, and have a long acidic C-terminal domain rich in aspartic and glutamic acid residues. The acidic tail modulates the affinity of the tandem HMG boxes in HMG1 and 2 for a variety of DNA targets. HMG1 and 2 appear to play important architectural roles in the assembly of nucleoprotein complexes in a variety of biological processes, for example V(D)J recombination, the initiation of transcription, and DNA repair []. The profile in this entry describing the HMG-domains is much more general than the signature. In addition to the HMG1 and HMG2 proteins, HMG-domains occur in single or multiple copies in the following protein classes; the SOX family of transcription factors; SRY sex determining region Y protein and related proteins []; LEF1 lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 []; SSRP recombination signal recognition protein; MTF1 mitochondrial transcription factor 1; UBF1/2 nucleolar transcription factors; Abf2 yeast ARS-binding factor []; and Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factors Ixr1, Rox1, Nhp6a, Nhp6b and Spp41.; GO: 0003677 DNA binding; PDB: 1I11_A 1J3C_A 1J3D_A 1WZ6_A 1WGF_A 2D7L_A 1GT0_D 3U2B_C 2CRJ_A 2CS1_A ....
HMGs bind to the minor groove of DNA and have been classified by DNA binding preferences. Two phylogenically distinct groups of Class I proteins bind DNA in a sequence specific fashion and contain a single HMG box. One group (SOX-TCF) includes transcription factors, TCF-1, -3, -4; and also SRY and LEF-1, which bind four-way DNA junctions and duplex DNA targets. The second group (MATA) includes fungal mating type gene products MC, MATA1 and Ste11. Class II and III proteins (HMGB-UBF) bind DNA in a non-sequence specific fashion and contain two or more tandem HMG boxes. Class II members include non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG1 and HMG2, which bind to bent or distorted DNA such as four-way DNA junctions, synthetic DNA cruciforms, kinked cisplatin-modified DNA, DNA bulges, cross-overs in supercoiled DNA, and can cause looping of linear DNA. Class III member
>PF06382 DUF1074: Protein of unknown function (DUF1074); InterPro: IPR024460 This family consists of several proteins which appear to be specific to Insecta
>PF08073 CHDNT: CHDNT (NUC034) domain; InterPro: IPR012958 The CHD N-terminal domain is found in PHD/RING fingers and chromo domain-associated helicases []
; GO: 0003677 DNA binding, 0005524 ATP binding, 0008270 zinc ion binding, 0016818 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides, 0006355 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, 0005634 nucleus
>PF04690 YABBY: YABBY protein; InterPro: IPR006780 YABBY proteins are a group of plant-specific transcription factors involved in the specification of abaxial polarity in lateral organs such as leaves and floral organs [, ]
>PF06244 DUF1014: Protein of unknown function (DUF1014); InterPro: IPR010422 This family consists of several hypothetical eukaryotic proteins of unknown function
The genomes containing members of this family share the machinery for the biosynthesis of hopanoid lipids. Furthermore, the genes of this family are usually located proximal to other components of this biological process. The proteins are members of the pfam05494 family of putative transporters known as "toluene tolerance protein Ttg2D", although it is unlikely that the members included here have anything to do with toluene per-se.
>PF05494 Tol_Tol_Ttg2: Toluene tolerance, Ttg2 ; InterPro: IPR008869 Toluene tolerance is mediated by increased cell membrane rigidity resulting from changes in fatty acid and phospholipid compositions, exclusion of toluene from the cell membrane, and removal of intracellular toluene by degradation []
The aligned region spans around 56 residues and contains 4 highly conserved cysteine residues towards the N terminus. The function of this family is unknown.
>PF13875 DUF4202: Domain of unknown function (DUF4202)
>PF09164 VitD-bind_III: Vitamin D binding protein, domain III; InterPro: IPR015247 This domain is predominantly found in Vitamin D binding proteins, and adopts a multihelical structure
It is required for formation of an actin 'clamp', allowing the protein to bind to actin []. ; PDB: 1MA9_A 1KW2_A 1KXP_D 1J7E_A 1J78_A 1LOT_A.
>PF01352 KRAB: KRAB box; InterPro: IPR001909 The Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) is a domain of around 75 amino acids that is found in the N-terminal part of about one third of eukaryotic Krueppel-type C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) []
It is enriched in charged amino acids and can be divided into subregions A and B, which are predicted to fold into two amphipathic alpha-helices. The KRAB A and B boxes can be separated by variable spacer segments and many KRAB proteins contain only the A box []. The functions currently known for members of the KRAB-containing protein family include transcriptional repression of RNA polymerase I, II, and III promoters, binding and splicing of RNA, and control of nucleolus function. The KRAB domain functions as a transcriptional repressor when tethered to the template DNA by a DNA-binding domain. A sequence of 45 amino acids in the KRAB A subdomain has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for transcriptional repression. The B box does not repress by itself but does potentiate the repression exerted by the KRAB A subdomain [, ]. Gene silencing requires the binding of the KRAB domain to the RING-B box-coiled coil (RBCC) domain of the KAP-1/TIF1-beta corepressor. As KAP-1 binds to the heterochromatin proteins HP1, it has been proposed that the KRAB-ZFP-bound target gene could be silenced following recruitment to heterochromatin [, ]. KRAB-ZFPs probably constitute the single largest class of transcription factors within the human genome []. Although the function of KRAB-ZFPs is largely unknown, they appear to play important roles during cell differentiation and development. The KRAB domain is generally encoded by two exons. The regions coded by the two exons are known as KRAB-A and KRAB-B.; GO: 0003676 nucleic acid binding, 0006355 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, 0005622 intracellular; PDB: 1V65_A.
>PF12650 DUF3784: Domain of unknown function (DUF3784); InterPro: IPR017259 This group represents an uncharacterised conserved protein
>PF11304 DUF3106: Protein of unknown function (DUF3106); InterPro: IPR021455 Some members in this family of proteins are annotated as transmembrane proteins however this cannot be confirmed
>PF04769 MAT_Alpha1: Mating-type protein MAT alpha 1; InterPro: IPR006856 This family includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) mating type protein alpha 1 (P01365 from SWISSPROT)
MAT alpha 1 is a transcription activator that activates mating-type alpha-specific genes with the help of the MADS-box containing MCM1 transcription factor, which together bind cooperatively to PQ elements upstream of alpha-specific genes. The MCM1-MATalpha1 complex is required for the proper DNA-bending that is needed for transcriptional activation []. Alpha 1 interacts in vivo with STE12, linking expression of alpha-specific genes to the alpha-pheromone (IPR006742 from INTERPRO) response pathway [].; GO: 0000772 mating pheromone activity, 0003677 DNA binding, 0045895 positive regulation of transcription, mating-type specific, 0005634 nucleus
>PF11304 DUF3106: Protein of unknown function (DUF3106); InterPro: IPR021455 Some members in this family of proteins are annotated as transmembrane proteins however this cannot be confirmed
>pdb|3TQ6|A Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Human Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A, Tfam Or Mttfa, Bound To The Light Strand Promoter Lsp Length = 214
>2lhj_A High mobility group protein homolog NHP1; structural genomics, seattle structural genomics center for infectious disease, ssgcid; NMR {Babesia bovis} Length = 97
>1ckt_A High mobility group 1 protein; high-mobility group domain, BENT DNA, protein-drug-DNA compl regulation-DNA complex; HET: DNA 5IU; 2.50A {Rattus norvegicus} SCOP: a.21.1.1 PDB: 1j3x_A
>1cg7_A Protein (NON histone protein 6 A); HMG BOX, DNA bending, DNA recognition, chromatin, DNA binding protein; NMR {Saccharomyces cerevisiae} SCOP: a.21.1.1 PDB: 1j5n_A 1lwm_A
>2lhj_A High mobility group protein homolog NHP1; structural genomics, seattle structural genomics center for infectious disease, ssgcid; NMR {Babesia bovis}
class: All alpha proteins
fold: HMG-box
superfamily: HMG-box
family: HMG-box
domain: High mobility group protein 1, HMG1
species: Rat (Rattus norvegicus) [TaxId: 10116]
Score = 36.4 bits (84), Expect = 9e-06
Identities = 8/54 (14%), Positives = 24/54 (44%), Gaps = 2/54 (3%)
Query: 2 PYMRYSRKVWDQVKAQNLDLKLW--EIGKIIGQMWRDLPEDQKTEYVEDYEQEK 53
Y + + ++ K ++ D + E K + W+ + +K ++ + + +K
Sbjct: 8 SYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADK 61
class: All alpha proteins
fold: HMG-box
superfamily: HMG-box
family: HMG-box
domain: High mobility group protein 1, HMG1
species: Rat (Rattus norvegicus) [TaxId: 10116]
