Major component of the eye of elephant shrews, which in contrast to other mammals, possesses both a lens- and a non-lens class-1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. This eye-specific form is a structural protein of the lens and, in other part of the eye, serves as the major form of ALDH1. Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Macroscelides proboscideus (taxid: 29082) EC: 1EC: .EC: 2EC: .EC: 1EC: .EC: 3
Major component of the eye of elephant shrews, which in contrast to other mammals, possesses both a lens- and a non-lens class-1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. This eye-specific form is a structural protein of the lens and, in other part of the eye, serves as the major form of ALDH1. Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid.
Score = 52.4 bits (124), Expect = 7e-07, Method: Composition-based stats.
Identities = 25/54 (46%), Positives = 33/54 (61%)
Query: 12 SAALAPSFLVFQLFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEADKVNPAKTI 65
S L P QLFINN + DAVS +TFPT+NP T + I VAE D+ + + +
Sbjct: 27 SPILNPDIPYNQLFINNEWQDAVSKKTFPTVNPTTGEVIGHVAEGDRADVDRAV 80
ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation.
Score = 52.4 bits (124), Expect = 8e-07, Method: Composition-based stats.
Identities = 25/54 (46%), Positives = 33/54 (61%)
Query: 12 SAALAPSFLVFQLFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEADKVNPAKTI 65
S L P QLFINN + DAVS +TFPT+NP T + I VAE D+ + + +
Sbjct: 27 SPILNPDIPYNQLFINNEWQDAVSKKTFPTVNPTTGEVIGHVAEGDRADVDRAV 80
ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation.
NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH 1, ALDH1, EC=1.2.1.36) also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1) in humans, is a homotetrameric, cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Human ALDH1B1 and ALDH2 are also in this cluster; both are mitochrondrial homotetramers which play important roles in acetaldehyde oxidation; ALDH1B1 in response to UV light exposure and ALDH2 during ethanol metabolism. Length = 481
>gnl|CDD|143410 cd07091, ALDH_F1-2_Ald2-like, ALDH subfamily: ALDH families 1and 2, including 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 and related proteins
ALDH subfamily which includes the NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH 1, ALDH1, EC=1.2.1.36), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1), in humans, a homotetrameric, cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Human ALDH1B1 and ALDH2 are also in this cluster; both are mitochrondrial homotetramers which play important roles in acetaldehyde oxidation; ALDH1B1 in response to UV light exposure and ALDH2 during ethanol metabolism. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFDH, EC=1.5.1.6), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1), in humans, a multi-domain homotetramer with an N-terminal formyl transferase domain and a C-terminal ALDH domain. FTHFDH catalyzes an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase reaction resulting in the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2. Also included in this subfamily is the Arabidosis aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 members B4 and B7 (EC=1.2.1.3), which are mitochondrial, homotetramers that oxidize acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, as well as, the Arabidosis cytosolic, homotetramer ALDH2C4 (EC=1.2.1.3), an enzyme involved in the oxidation of sinapalehyde and coniferaldehyde. Also included is the AldA aldehyde dehydrogenase of Aspergillus nidulans (locus AN0554), the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (YMR170c, ALD5, EC=1.2.1.5) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other similar sequences. Length = 476
Included in this CD is the Arabidosis aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 members B4 and B7 (EC=1.2.1.3), which are mitochondrial homotetramers that oxidize acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, but not L-lactaldehyde. Also in this group, is the Arabidosis cytosolic, homotetramer ALDH2C4 (EC=1.2.1.3), an enzyme involved in the oxidation of sinapalehyde and coniferaldehyde. Length = 476
10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFDH, EC=1.5.1.6), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1) in humans, is a multi-domain homotetramer with an N-terminal formyl transferase domain and a C-terminal ALDH domain. FTHFDH catalyzes an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase reaction resulting in the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2. The ALDH domain is also capable of the oxidation of short chain aldehydes to their corresponding acids. Length = 486
Score = 48.6 bits (116), Expect = 2e-08
Identities = 17/35 (48%), Positives = 22/35 (62%)
Query: 24 LFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEADK 58
LFINN FV + G T T+NP+T + IA V A +
Sbjct: 10 LFINNEFVKSSDGETIKTVNPSTGEVIASVYAAGE 44
NAD(P)+-dependent Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (YMR170c, ALD5, EC=1.2.1.5) and other similar sequences, are present in this CD. Length = 484
>gnl|CDD|143429 cd07111, ALDH_F16, Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 16A1-like
Score = 45.8 bits (109), Expect = 2e-07
Identities = 21/51 (41%), Positives = 31/51 (60%), Gaps = 5/51 (9%)
Query: 12 SAALAPSFLV-----FQLFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEAD 57
SAA A ++L F FIN +V + ++FPTINPAT + +A V +A+
Sbjct: 7 SAACALAWLDAHDRSFGHFINGKWVKPENRKSFPTINPATGEVLASVLQAE 57
Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase family 16 member A1 (ALDH16A1) and other related sequences are present in this CD. The active site cysteine and glutamate residues are not conserved in the human ALDH16A1 protein sequence. Length = 480
NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldA) of Aspergillus nidulans (locus AN0554), and other similar sequences, are present in this CD. Length = 481
Included in this CD is the NAD+-dependent, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, GbsA, EC=1.2.1.8) of Bacillus subtilis involved in the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline or glycine betaine aldehyde. Length = 482
Lactaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli (AldA, LactADH, EC=1.2.1.22), an NAD(+)-dependent enzyme involved in the metabolism of L-fucose and L-rhamnose, and other similar sequences are present in this CD. Length = 468
Score = 40.9 bits (97), Expect = 1e-05
Identities = 12/34 (35%), Positives = 16/34 (47%)
Query: 24 LFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEAD 57
+I+ A+V T INPATE+ I V
Sbjct: 1 FYIDGAWVAPAGTETIDVINPATEEVIGTVPLGT 34
The 6-oxolauric acid dehydrogenase (CddD) from Rhodococcus ruber SC1 which converts 6-oxolauric acid to dodecanedioic acid, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus SSP0762) from Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 and other similar sequences, are included in this CD. Length = 466
Score = 40.2 bits (94), Expect = 2e-05
Identities = 13/32 (40%), Positives = 18/32 (56%)
Query: 25 FINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEA 56
FI+ +V+ +G T INPA + IA V A
Sbjct: 1 FIDGEYVEDSAGTTREIINPANGEVIATVHAA 32
Under osmotic stress, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidizes glycine betaine aldehyde into the osmoprotectant glycine betaine, via the second of two oxidation steps from exogenously supplied choline or betaine aldehyde. This choline-glycine betaine synthesis pathway can be found in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In Escherichia coli, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (betB) is osmotically co-induced with choline dehydrogenase (betA) in the presence of choline. These dehydrogenases are located in a betaine gene cluster with the upstream choline transporter (betT) and transcriptional regulator (betI). Similar to E.coli, betaine synthesis in Staphylococcus xylosus is also influenced by osmotic stress and the presence of choline with genes localized in a functionally equivalent gene cluster. Organization of the betaine gene cluster in Sinorhizobium meliloti and Bacillus subtilis differs from that of E.coli by the absence of upstream choline transporter and transcriptional regulator homologues. Additionally, B.subtilis co-expresses a type II alcohol dehydrogenase with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase instead of choline dehydrogenase as in E.coli, St.xylosus, and Si.meliloti. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase is a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family (pfam00171) [Cellular processes, Adaptations to atypical conditions]. Length = 467
This model represents the dehydrogenase responsible for the conversion of 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde to 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate (a tricarboxylic acid). This is the step in the degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid via homoprotocatechuate following the oxidative opening of the aromatic ring. Length = 488
Score = 39.3 bits (92), Expect = 5e-05
Identities = 18/37 (48%), Positives = 21/37 (56%), Gaps = 2/37 (5%)
Query: 22 FQLFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEADK 58
+ FIN AFV+ SG+TF INP IA V EA
Sbjct: 1 IRNFINGAFVE--SGKTFANINPVDGRVIARVHEAGA 35
Members of this protein family are 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Many aromatic compounds are catabolized by way of the catechol, via the meta-cleavage pathway, to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. This enzyme performs the second of seven steps in that pathway for catechol degradation [Energy metabolism, Other]. Length = 481
>gnl|CDD|143471 cd07559, ALDH_ACDHII_AcoD-like, Ralstonia eutrophus NAD+-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II and Staphylococcus aureus AldA1 (SACOL0154)-like
Included in this CD is the NAD+-dependent, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II (AcDHII, AcoD, EC=1.2.1.3) from Ralstonia (Alcaligenes) eutrophus H16 involved in the catabolism of acetoin and ethanol, and similar proteins, such as, the dimeric dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of the acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system of Klebsiella pneumonia. Also included are sequences similar to the NAD+-dependent chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenases (AldA and AldB) of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 which are involved in the degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane, as well as, the uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase from Staphylococcus aureus (AldA1, locus SACOL0154) and other similar sequences. Length = 480
Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase from Staphylococcus aureus (AldA1, locus SACOL0154) and other similar sequences are present in this CD. Length = 475
>gnl|CDD|143404 cd07085, ALDH_F6_MMSDH, Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and ALDH family members 6A1 and 6B2
Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH, EC=1.2.1.27) [acylating] from Bacillus subtilis is involved in valine metabolism and catalyses the NAD+- and CoA-dependent oxidation of methylmalonate semialdehyde into propionyl-CoA. Mitochondrial human MMSDH ALDH6A1 and Arabidopsis MMSDH ALDH6B2 are also present in this CD. Length = 478
>gnl|CDD|223944 COG1012, PutA, NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases [Energy production and conversion]
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD+-dependent, aldehyde dehydrogenase PDB structure, 3B4W, and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv aldehyde dehydrogenase AldA (locus Rv0768) sequence, as well as the Rhodococcus rhodochrous ALDH involved in haloalkane catabolism, and other similar sequences, are included in this CD. Length = 471
NADP+-dependent, gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (GABALDH) PuuC of Escherichia coli which catalyzes the conversion of putrescine to 4-aminobutanoate and other similar sequences are present in this CD. Length = 462
>gnl|CDD|212007 TIGR04284, aldehy_Rv0768, aldehyde dehydrogenase, Rv0768 family
This family describes a branch of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) family (see pfam00171) that includes Rv0768 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All members of this family belong to species predicted to synthesize mycofactocin, suggesting that this enzyme or another upstream or downstream in the same pathway might be mycofactocin-dependent. However, the taxonomic range of this family is not nearly broad enough to make that relationship conclusive [Unknown function, Enzymes of unknown specificity]. Length = 480
>gnl|CDD|215767 pfam00171, Aldedh, Aldehyde dehydrogenase family
Score = 35.2 bits (82), Expect = 0.001
Identities = 13/29 (44%), Positives = 16/29 (55%), Gaps = 1/29 (3%)
Query: 30 FVDAVSGRTFPTINPATEDKIADVAEADK 58
+VD+ S T INPAT + IA V A
Sbjct: 1 WVDS-SSETIEVINPATGEVIATVPAATA 28
This family of dehydrogenases act on aldehyde substrates. Members use NADP as a cofactor. The family includes the following members: The prototypical members are the aldehyde dehydrogenases EC:1.2.1.3. Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.16. Lactaldehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.22. Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.28. Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.27. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.9. Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase EC: 1.5.1.12. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.10. Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC:1.2.1.41. This family also includes omega crystallin, an eye lens protein from squid and octopus that has little aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Length = 459
Included in this CD is the NAD+-dependent, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II (AcDHII, AcoD, EC=1.2.1.3) from Ralstonia (Alcaligenes) eutrophus H16 involved in the catabolism of acetoin and ethanol, and similar proteins, such as, the dimeric dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of the acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system of Klebsiella pneumonia. Also included are sequences similar to the NAD+-dependent chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenases (AldA and AldB) of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 which are involved in the degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane. These proteins apparently require RpoN factors for expression.
>cd07091 ALDH_F1-2_Ald2-like ALDH subfamily: ALDH families 1and 2, including 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 and related proteins
ALDH subfamily which includes the NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH 1, ALDH1, EC=1.2.1.36), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1), in humans, a homotetrameric, cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Human ALDH1B1 and ALDH2 are also in this cluster; both are mitochrondrial homotetramers which play important roles in acetaldehyde oxidation; ALDH1B1 in response to UV light exposure and ALDH2 during ethanol metabolism. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFDH, EC=1.5.1.6), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1), in humans, a multi-domain homotetramer with an N-terminal formyl transferase domain and a C-terminal ALDH domain. FTHFDH catalyzes an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase reaction resulting in the co
Included in this CD is the NAD+-dependent, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II (AcDHII, AcoD, EC=1.2.1.3) from Ralstonia (Alcaligenes) eutrophus H16 involved in the catabolism of acetoin and ethanol, and similar proteins, such as, the dimeric dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of the acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system of Klebsiella pneumonia. Also included are sequences similar to the NAD+-dependent chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenases (AldA and AldB) of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 which are involved in the degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane, as well as, the uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase from Staphylococcus aureus (AldA1, locus SACOL0154) and other similar sequences.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFDH, EC=1.5.1.6), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1) in humans, is a multi-domain homotetramer with an N-terminal formyl transferase domain and a C-terminal ALDH domain. FTHFDH catalyzes an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase reaction resulting in the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2. The ALDH domain is also capable of the oxidation of short chain aldehydes to their corresponding acids.
NADP+-dependent non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NP-GAPDH, EC=1.2.1.9) catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate generating NADPH for biosynthetic reactions. This CD also includes the Arabidopsis thaliana osmotic-stress-inducible ALDH family 11, ALDH11A3 and similar sequences. In autotrophic eukaryotes, NP-GAPDH generates NADPH for biosynthetic processes from photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate exported from the chloroplast and catalyzes one of the classic glycolytic bypass reactions unique to plants.
Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH, EC=1.5.1.12), family 12: a proline catabolic enzyme of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein superfamily. P5CDH is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in proline degradation and catalyzes the NAD + -dependent conversion of P5C to glutamate. The P5CDH, ALDH12A1 gene, in Arabidopsis, has been identified as an osmotic-stress-inducible ALDH gene. This CD contains both Viridiplantae and Alveolata P5CDH sequences.
This model represents one of several related branches of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Members of this branch are the C-terminal domain of the PutA bifunctional proline dehydrogenase / delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase.
>cd07142 ALDH_F2BC Arabidosis aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 B4, B7, C4-like
Included in this CD is the Arabidosis aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 members B4 and B7 (EC=1.2.1.3), which are mitochondrial homotetramers that oxidize acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, but not L-lactaldehyde. Also in this group, is the Arabidosis cytosolic, homotetramer ALDH2C4 (EC=1.2.1.3), an enzyme involved in the oxidation of sinapalehyde and coniferaldehyde.
Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH, EC=1.2.1.27) [acylating] from Bacillus subtilis is involved in valine metabolism and catalyses the NAD+- and CoA-dependent oxidation of methylmalonate semialdehyde into propionyl-CoA. Mitochondrial human MMSDH ALDH6A1 and Arabidopsis MMSDH ALDH6B2 are also present in this CD.
>cd07125 ALDH_PutA-P5CDH Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, PutA
Probab=98.75 E-value=2e-08 Score=73.19 Aligned_cols=73 Identities=22% Similarity=0.251 Sum_probs=57.2
Q ss_pred Ccchhhh------hcccccCCccccccceeecceEeeCCCCCeeeeecCCC-CCeeEEecCCCHHHHHHHHHHHHHhhhh
Q psy1100 2 SRQYDIE------ERGSAALAPSFLVFQLFINNAFVDAVSGRTFPTINPAT-EDKIADVAEADKVNPAKTIVMLISCQHL 74 (81)
Q Consensus 2 ~~~~~~~------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~G~~~~~~~~~~~~v~nP~t-g~~l~~v~~as~edv~~ai~aA~~Af~~ 74 (81)
.|+||.+ |-.+..+.......-.||+|+|.. .+..++++||+| ++++++++.++.+|+++++++|++||+.
T Consensus 7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p~i~g~~~~--~~~~~~v~~P~t~g~~i~~~~~~~~~~v~~av~~A~~A~~~ 84 (518)
T cd07125 7 NRIFDLEVPLEALADALKAFDEKEWEAIPIINGEETE--TGEGAPVIDPADHERTIGEVSLADAEDVDAALAIAAAAFAG 84 (518)
T ss_pred HHhcCCCCCHHHHHHHHHHhhhcCcccCceECCEEee--CCCeEEEECCCCCCceEEEEeCCCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Confidence 4778764 334444444434444689999973 356799999999 9999999999999999999999999998
Q ss_pred cc
Q psy1100 75 EV 76 (81)
Q Consensus 75 ~~ 76 (81)
|.
T Consensus 85 w~ 86 (518)
T cd07125 85 WS 86 (518)
T ss_pred Hh
Confidence 74
The proline catabolic enzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein superfamily, proline dehydrogenase and Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH, (EC=1.5.1.12 )), catalyze the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate; P5CDH catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde, utilizing NAD+ as the electron acceptor. In some bacteria, the two enzymes are fused into the bifunctional flavoenzyme, proline utilization A (PutA) These enzymes play important roles in cellular redox control, superoxide generation, and apoptosis. In certain prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli, PutA is also a transcriptional repressor of the proline utilization genes.
The 6-oxolauric acid dehydrogenase (CddD) from Rhodococcus ruber SC1 which converts 6-oxolauric acid to dodecanedioic acid, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus SSP0762) from Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 and other similar sequences, are included in this CD.
In Bacillus, a highly homologous protein to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase, groups out from the main MMSDH clade with Listeria and Sulfolobus. This Bacillus protein has been suggested to be located in an iol operon and/or involved in myo-inositol catabolism, converting malonic semialdehyde to acetyl CoA ad CO2. The preceeding enzymes responsible for valine catabolism are present in Bacillus, Listeria, and Sulfolobus.
>cd07111 ALDH_F16 Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 16A1-like
Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase family 16 member A1 (ALDH16A1) and other related sequences are present in this CD. The active site cysteine and glutamate residues are not conserved in the human ALDH16A1 protein sequence.
Members of this protein family are 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase (1.5.1.35), also called gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme can follow putrescine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.82) for a two-step conversion of putrescine to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The member from Escherichia coli is characterized as a homotetramer that binds one NADH per momomer. This enzyme belongs to the medium-chain aldehyde dehydrogenases, and is quite similar in sequence to the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8) family.
This model represents one of two related branches of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. The two branches are not as closely related to each other as some aldehyde dehydrogenases are to this branch, and separate models are built for this reason. The enzyme is the second of two in the degradation of proline to glutamate.
NAD+-dependent, homodimeric, phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PADH, EC=1.2.1.39) PadA of Escherichia coli involved in the catabolism of 2-phenylethylamine, and other related sequences, are present in this CD. Also included is the Pseudomonas fluorescens ST StyD PADH involved in styrene catabolism, the Sphingomonas sp. LB126 FldD protein involved in fluorene degradation, and the Novosphingobium aromaticivorans NahF salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in the NAD+-dependent conversion of salicylaldehyde to salicylate.
This model represents the dehydrogenase responsible for the conversion of 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde to 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate (a tricarboxylic acid). This is the step in the degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid via homoprotocatechuate following the oxidative opening of the aromatic ring.
ALDH subfamily which includes the NAD+-dependent, alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH, EC=1.2.1.31), also known as Antiquitin-1, ALDH7A1, ALDH7B or delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P6CDH), and other similar sequences, such as the uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase of Candidatus kuenenia AldH (locus CAJ73105).
NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH 1, ALDH1, EC=1.2.1.36) also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1) in humans, is a homotetrameric, cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Human ALDH1B1 and ALDH2 are also in this cluster; both are mitochrondrial homotetramers which play important roles in acetaldehyde oxidation; ALDH1B1 in response to UV light exposure and ALDH2 during ethanol metabolism.
Members of this protein family are succinylglutamic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.71), the fourth enzyme in the arginine succinyltransferase (AST) pathway for arginine catabolism.
Lactaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli (AldA, LactADH, EC=1.2.1.22), an NAD(+)-dependent enzyme involved in the metabolism of L-fucose and L-rhamnose, and other similar sequences are present in this CD.
Members of this protein family are 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Many aromatic compounds are catabolized by way of the catechol, via the meta-cleavage pathway, to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. This enzyme performs the second of seven steps in that pathway for catechol degradation.
Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC=1.5.1.12 ), RocA: a proline catabolic enzyme of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein superfamily. The proline catabolic enzymes, proline dehydrogenase and Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), catalyze the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate; P5CDH catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde, utilizing NAD+ as the electron acceptor. In some bacteria, the two enzymes are fused into the bifunctional flavoenzyme, proline utilization A (PutA). In this CD, monofunctional enzyme sequences such as seen in the Bacillus subtilis RocA P5CDH are also present. These enzymes play important roles in cellular redox control, superoxide generation, and apoptosis.
>cd07123 ALDH_F4-17_P5CDH Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, ALDH families 4 and 17
Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC=1.5.1.12 ), families 4 and 17: a proline catabolic enzyme of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein superfamily. Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), also known as ALDH4A1 in humans, is a mitochondrial homodimer involved in proline degradation and catalyzes the NAD + -dependent conversion of P5C to glutamate. This is a necessary step in the pathway interconnecting the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The preferred substrate is glutamic gamma-semialdehyde, other substrates include succinic, glutaric and adipic semialdehydes. Also included in this CD is the Aldh17 Drosophila melanogaster (Q9VUC0) P5CDH and similar sequences.
>cd07128 ALDH_MaoC-N N-terminal domain of the monoamine oxidase C dehydratase
The N-terminal domain of the MaoC dehydratase, a monoamine oxidase regulatory protein. Orthologs of MaoC include PaaZ (Escherichia coli) and PaaN (Pseudomonas putida), which are putative ring-opening enzymes of the aerobic phenylacetic acid (PA) catabolic pathway. The C-terminal domain of MaoC has sequence similarity to enoyl-CoA hydratase. Also included in this CD is a novel Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 ALDH of the aerobic benzoate oxidation (box) pathway. This pathway involves first the synthesis of a CoA thio-esterified aromatic acid, with subsequent dihydroxylation and cleavage steps, yielding the CoA thio-esterified aliphatic aldehyde, 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde, which is further converted into its corresponding CoA acid by the Burkholderia LB400 ALDH.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD+-dependent, aldehyde dehydrogenase PDB structure, 3B4W, and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv aldehyde dehydrogenase AldA (locus Rv0768) sequence, as well as the Rhodococcus rhodochrous ALDH involved in haloalkane catabolism, and other similar sequences, are included in this CD.
Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase of Candidatus kuenenia AldH (locus CAJ73105) and similar sequences with similarity to alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH, human ALDH7A1, EC=1.2.1.31), Arabidopsis ALDH7B4, and Streptomyces clavuligerus delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P6CDH) are included in this CD.
>cd07130 ALDH_F7_AASADH NAD+-dependent alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH family members 7A1 and 7B
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH, EC=1.2.1.31), also known as ALDH7A1, Antiquitin-1, ALDH7B, or delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P6CDH), is a NAD+-dependent ALDH. Human ALDH7A1 is involved in the pipecolic acid pathway of lysine catabolism, catalyzing the oxidation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. Arabidopsis thaliana ALDH7B4 appears to be an osmotic-stress-inducible ALDH gene encoding a turgor-responsive or stress-inducible ALDH. The Streptomyces clavuligerus P6CDH appears to be involved in cephamycin biosynthesis, catalyzing the second stage of the two-step conversion of lysine to alpha-aminoadipic acid. The ALDH7A1 enzyme and others in this group have been observed as tetramers, yet the bacterial P6CDH enzyme has been reported as a monomer.
Included in this CD is the NAD+-dependent, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, GbsA, EC=1.2.1.8) of Bacillus subtilis involved in the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline or glycine betaine aldehyde.
>COG1012 PutA NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases [Energy production and conversion]
This enzyme is the second of two in the degradation of proline to glutamate. This model represents one of several related branches of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Members of this branch may be associated with proline dehydrogenase (the other enzyme of the pathway from proline to glutamate) but have not been demonstrated experimentally. The branches are not as closely related to each other as some distinct aldehyde dehydrogenases are to some; separate models were built to let each model describe a set of equivalogs.
Kinetic studies of the Bacillus subtilis ALDH-like ycbD protein, which is involved in d-glucarate/d-galactarate utilization, reveal that it is a NADP+-dependent, alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase (KGSADH). KGSADHs (EC 1.2.1.26) catalyze the NAD(P)+-dependent conversion of KGSA to alpha-ketoglutarate. Interestingly, the NADP+-dependent, tetrameric, 2,5-dioxopentanoate dehydrogenase (EC=1.2.1.26), an enzyme involved in the catabolic pathway for D-arabinose in Sulfolobus solfataricus, also clusters in this group. This CD shows a distant phylogenetic relationship to the Azospirillum brasilense KGSADH-II (-III) group.
ALDH subfamily of the NAD+-dependent, delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenases (P5CDH, EC=1.5.1.12). The proline catabolic enzymes, proline dehydrogenase and P5CDH catalyze the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate. P5CDH catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde, utilizing NAD+ as the electron acceptor. In some bacteria, the two enzymes are fused into the bifunctional flavoenzyme, proline utilization A (PutA). These enzymes play important roles in cellular redox control, superoxide generation, and apoptosis. In certain prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli, PutA is also a transcriptional repressor of the proline utilization genes. Monofunctional enzyme sequences such as those seen in the Bacillus RocA P5CDH are also present in this subfamily as well as the human ALDH4A1 P5CDH and the Drosophila Aldh17 P5CDH.
This family includes paaN genes from Pseudomonas, Sinorhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Escherichia, Deinococcus and Corynebacterium. Another homology family (TIGR02288) includes several other species.
NADP+-dependent, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase (PchA, HBenzADH) which catalyzes oxidation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and other related sequences are included in this CD.
It seems reasonably certain then, that this enzyme catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of phosphonoacetaldehyde to phosphonoacetate, bridging the metabolic gap between PhnW and PhnA. We propose the name phosphonoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase and the gene symbol PhnY for this enzyme.
2.1.3 from EC and 1.2.1.5 from EC) are enzymes that oxidize a wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes using NADP as a cofactor. In mammals at least four different forms of the enzyme are known []: class-1 (or Ald C) a tetrameric cytosolic enzyme, class-2 (or Ald M) a tetrameric mitochondrial enzyme, class- 3 (or Ald D) a dimeric cytosolic enzyme, and class IV a microsomal enzyme. Aldehyde dehydrogenases have also been sequenced from fungal and bacterial species. A number of enzymes are known to be evolutionary related to aldehyde dehydrogenases. A glutamic acid and a cysteine residue have been implicated in the catalytic activity of mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase. These residues are conserved in all the enzymes of this entry. Some of the proteins in this entry are allergens. Allergies are hypersensitivity reactions of the immune system to specific substances called allergens (such as pollen, stings, drugs, or food) that, in most people, result in no symptoms. A nomenclature system has been established for antigens (allergens) that cause IgE-mediated atopic allergies in humans [WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee King T.P., Hoffmann D., Loewenstein H., Marsh D.G., Platts-Mills T.A.E., Thomas W. Bull. World Health Organ. 72:797-806(1994)]. This nomenclature system is defined by a designation that is composed of the first three letters of the genus; a space; the first letter of the species name; a space and an arabic number. In the event that two species names have identical designations, they are discriminated from one another by adding one or more letters (as necessary) to each species designation. The allergens in this family include allergens with the following designations: Alt a 10 and Cla h 3.; GO: 0016491 oxidoreductase activity, 0008152 metabolic process, 0055114 oxidation-reduction process; PDB: 3R31_A 3HAZ_A 1UXQ_A 1UXP_A 1UXR_A 1UXU_A 1UXN_A 1KY8_A 1UXT_A 1UXV_A ....
Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus RL0313) with sequence similarity to the moss Tortula ruralis aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH21A1 (RNP123) believed to play an important role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated in response to desiccation- and salinity-stress, and similar sequences are included in this CD.
Vanillin dehydrogenase (Vdh, VaniDH) involved in the metabolism of ferulic acid and other related sequences are included in this CD. The E. coli vanillin dehydrogenase (LigV) preferred NAD+ to NADP+ and exhibited a broad substrate preference, including vanillin, benzaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, m-anisaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
>cd07089 ALDH_CddD-AldA-like Rhodococcus ruber 6-oxolauric acid dehydrogenase-like and related proteins
The 6-oxolauric acid dehydrogenase (CddD) from Rhodococcus ruber SC1 which converts 6-oxolauric acid to dodecanedioic acid; and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus SSP0762) from Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 and also, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ALDH AldA (locus Rv0768) sequence; and other similar sequences, are included in this CD.
NAD+-dependent, lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC=1.2.1.22) involved the biosynthesis of coenzyme F(420) in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii through the oxidation of lactaldehyde to lactate and generation of NAPH, and similar sequences are included in this CD.
>cd07147 ALDH_F21_RNP123 Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 21A1-like
Aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH21A1 (gene name RNP123) was first described in the moss Tortula ruralis and is believed to play an important role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated in response to desiccation- and salinity-stress, and ALDH21A1 expression represents a unique stress tolerance mechanism. So far, of plants, only the bryophyte sequence has been observed, but similar protein sequences from bacteria and archaea are also present in this CD.
>cd07094 ALDH_F21_LactADH-like ALDH subfamily: NAD+-dependent, lactaldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH family 21 A1, and related proteins
ALDH subfamily which includes Tortula ruralis aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH21A1 (RNP123), and NAD+-dependent, lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC=1.2.1.22) and like sequences.
>cd07149 ALDH_y4uC Uncharacterized ALDH (y4uC) with similarity to Tortula ruralis aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH21A1
Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase (ORF name y4uC) with sequence similarity to the moss Tortula ruralis aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH21A1 (RNP123) believed to play an important role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated in response to desiccation- and salinity-stress, and similar sequences are included in this CD.
NADP+-dependent, gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (GABALDH) PuuC of Escherichia coli which catalyzes the conversion of putrescine to 4-aminobutanoate and other similar sequences are present in this CD.
NAD+-dependent, tetrameric, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ABALDH), YdcW of Escherichia coli K12, catalyzes the oxidation of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric acid. ABALDH can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, but with a lower catalytic efficiency.
>cd07090 ALDH_F9_TMBADH NAD+-dependent 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH family 9A1
NAD+-dependent, 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH, EC=1.2.1.47), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 9 member A1 (ALDH9A1) in humans, is a cytosolic tetramer which catalyzes the oxidation of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde involved in 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis and also oxidizes betaine aldehyde (gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde) which is involved in carnitine biosynthesis.
>cd07110 ALDH_F10_BADH Arabidopsis betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 and 2, ALDH family 10A8 and 10A9-like
Present in this CD are the Arabidopsis betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) 1 (chloroplast) and 2 (mitochondria), also known as, aldehyde dehydrogenase family 10 member A8 and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 10 member A9, respectively, and are putative dehydration- and salt-inducible BADHs (EC 1.2.1.8) that catalyze the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to the compatible solute glycine betaine.
Nocardioides sp. strain KP72-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase (PhdK), an enzyme involved in phenanthrene degradation, and other similar sequences, are present in this CD.
Included in this CD is the aldehyde dehydrogenase (PsfA, locus ACA09737) of Pseudomonas putida involved in furoic acid metabolism. Transcription of psfA was induced in response to 2-furoic acid, furfuryl alcohol, and furfural.
SSADH enzyme belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family (pfam00171), sharing a common evolutionary origin and enzymatic mechanism with lactaldehyde dehydrogenase. Like in lactaldehyde dehydrogenase and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, the mammalian catalytic glutamic acid and cysteine residues are conserved in all the enzymes of this family (PS00687, PS00070).
>cd07103 ALDH_F5_SSADH_GabD Mitochondrial succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and ALDH family members 5A1 and 5F1-like
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (SSADH, GabD, EC=1.2.1.24) catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of succinate semialdehyde (SSA) to succinate. This group includes the human aldehyde dehydrogenase family 5 member A1 (ALDH5A1) which is a mitochondrial homotetramer that converts SSA to succinate in the last step of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism. This CD also includes the Arabidopsis SSADH gene product ALDH5F1. Mutations in this gene result in the accumulation of H2O2, suggesting a role in plant defense against the environmental stress of elevated reactive oxygen species.
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 2 (SSADH2) and similar proteins are in this CD. SSADH1 (GabD1, EC=1.2.1.16) catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to succinate. SSADH activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is encoded by both gabD1 (Rv0234c) and gabD2 (Rv1731), however ,the Vmax of GabD1 was shown to be much higher than that of GabD2, and GabD2 (SSADH2) is likely to serve physiologically as a dehydrogenase for a different aldehyde(s).
4,4'-diapolycopene-dialdehyde dehydrogenase-like. The 4,4'-diapolycopene-dialdehyde dehydrogenase (DDALDH) involved in C30 carotenoid synthesis in Methylomonas sp. strain 16a and other similar sequences are present in this CD. DDALDH converts 4,4'-diapolycopene-dialdehyde into 4,4'-diapolycopene-diacid.
>cd07093 ALDH_F8_HMSADH Human aldehyde dehydrogenase family 8 member A1-like
In humans, the aldehyde dehydrogenase family 8 member A1 (ALDH8A1) protein functions to convert 9-cis-retinal to 9-cis-retinoic acid and has a preference for NAD+. Also included in this CD is the 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (HMSADH) which catalyzes the conversion of 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde to 4-oxalocrotonate, a step in the meta cleavage pathway of aromatic hydrocarbons in bacteria. Such HMSADHs seen here are: XylG of the TOL plasmid pWW0 of Pseudomonas putida, TomC of Burkholderia cepacia G4, and AphC of Comamonas testosterone.
>cd07098 ALDH_F15-22 Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 15A1 and 22A1-like
Aldehyde dehydrogenase family members ALDH15A1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae YHR039C) and ALDH22A1 (Arabidopsis thaliana, EC=1.2.1.3), and similar sequences, are in this CD. Significant improvement of stress tolerance in tobacco plants was observed by overexpressing the ALDH22A1 gene from maize (Zea mays) and was accompanied by a reduction of malondialdehyde derived from cellular lipid peroxidation.
>cd07102 ALDH_EDX86601 Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase of Synechococcus sp
PCC 7335 (EDX86601). Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335 (locus EDX86601) and other similar sequences, are present in this CD.
4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (HapE, EC=1.2.1.61) of Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB involved in 4-hydroxyacetophenone degradation, and putative hydroxycaproate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ChnE) of Brachymonas petroleovorans involved in cyclohexane metabolism, and other similar sequences, are present in this CD.
Included in this CD is the L-sorbosone dehydrogenase (SNDH) from Gluconobacter oxydans UV10. In G. oxydans, D-sorbitol is converted to 2-keto-L-gulonate (a precursor of L-ascorbic acid) in sequential oxidation steps catalyzed by a FAD-dependent, L-sorbose dehydrogenase and an NAD(P)+-dependent, L-sorbosone dehydrogenase.
>PRK11809 putA trifunctional transcriptional regulator/proline dehydrogenase/pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; Reviewed
Phenylacetic acid degradation (PAD) proteins PaaZ (Escherichia coli) and PaaN (Pseudomonas putida) are putative aromatic ring cleavage enzymes of the aerobic PA catabolic pathway. PaaZ mutants were defective for growth with PA as a sole carbon source due to interruption of the putative ring opening system. This CD is limited to bacterial monofunctional enzymes.
Putative phosphonoformaldehyde dehydrogenase (PhpJ), an aldehyde dehydrogenase homolog reportedly involved in the biosynthesis of phosphinothricin tripeptides in Streptomyces viridochromogenes DSM 40736, and similar sequences are included in this CD.
>COG4230 Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase [Energy production and conversion]
NAD-dependent, benzaldehyde dehydrogenase II (XylC, BenzADH, EC=1.2.1.28) is involved in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzoate. In Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, this process is carried out by the chromosomally encoded, benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase (xylB) and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase II (xylC) enzymes; whereas in Pseudomonas putida they are encoded by TOL plasmids.
>cd07135 ALDH_F14-YMR110C Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldehyde dehydrogenase family 14 and related proteins
Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 14 (ALDH14), isolated mainly from the mitochondrial outer membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YMR110C) and most closely related to the plant and animal ALDHs and fatty ALDHs family 3 members, and similar fungal sequences, are present in this CD.
>3r64_A NAD dependent benzaldehyde dehydrogenase; structural genomics, PSI-biology, NEW YORK structural genomi research consortium, nysgrc; 2.57A {Corynebacterium glutamicum}
>3etf_A Putative succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; center for ST genomics of infectious diseases, oxidoreductase, csgid; 1.85A {Salmonella typhimurium} PDB: 3efv_A
