Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Homo sapiens (taxid: 9606) EC: 3EC: .EC: 1EC: .EC: 4EC: .EC: -
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required for piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane, promoting the piRNA metabolic process. Plays a key role in primary biogenesis of piRNAs and is required during meiosis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization. piRNAs mediate the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required both for mitochondrial fusion and piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting mitochondrial fusion. The production of phosphatidate also regulates the piRNA metabolic process by promoting recruitment and/or activation of components of the meiotic nuage, also named P granule, a critical step for primary biogenesis of piRNAs. Required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization via its role in the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required for piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting the piRNA metabolic process. Plays a key role in primary biogenesis of piRNAs and is required during oogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization. piRNAs mediate the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in trans-silencing effect (TSE), a homology-dependent repression mechanism by which a P-transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin via its role in piRNA biogenesis.
Drosophila melanogaster (taxid: 7227)
EC: 3
EC: .
EC: 1
EC: .
EC: 4
EC: .
EC: -
Close Homologs in the Non-Redundant Database Detected by BLAST
>gi|149179346|ref|ZP_01857905.1| hypothetical protein PM8797T_29098 [Planctomyces maris DSM 8797] gi|148841818|gb|EDL56222.1| hypothetical protein PM8797T_29098 [Planctomyces maris DSM 8797]
Score = 115 (45.5 bits), Expect = 1.0e-06, P = 1.0e-06
Identities = 20/38 (52%), Positives = 25/38 (65%)
Query: 19 MHHKFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVITGTP 56
MHHKF L+D ++ GS+NWT A N ENV+IT P
Sbjct: 157 MHHKFALVDGRKLISGSLNWTLTAVQSNKENVIITEEP 194
Parameters:
V=100
filter=SEG
E=0.001
ctxfactor=1.00
Query ----- As Used ----- ----- Computed ----
Frame MatID Matrix name Lambda K H Lambda K H
+0 0 BLOSUM62 0.320 0.136 0.425 same same same
Q=9,R=2 0.244 0.0300 0.180 n/a n/a n/a
Query
Frame MatID Length Eff.Length E S W T X E2 S2
+0 0 59 59 0.00091 102 3 11 22 0.37 28
29 0.49 27
Statistics:
Database: /share/blast/go-seqdb.fasta
Title: go_20130330-seqdb.fasta
Posted: 5:47:42 AM PDT Apr 1, 2013
Created: 5:47:42 AM PDT Apr 1, 2013
Format: XDF-1
# of letters in database: 169,044,731
# of sequences in database: 368,745
# of database sequences satisfying E: 8
No. of states in DFA: 513 (55 KB)
Total size of DFA: 93 KB (2068 KB)
Time to generate neighborhood: 0.00u 0.00s 0.00t Elapsed: 00:00:00
No. of threads or processors used: 24
Search cpu time: 6.29u 0.07s 6.36t Elapsed: 00:00:03
Total cpu time: 6.29u 0.07s 6.36t Elapsed: 00:00:03
Start: Thu Aug 15 11:10:27 2013 End: Thu Aug 15 11:10:30 2013
Catalytic domain of vertebrate phospholipase D6 (PLD6, EC 3.1.4.4), a homolog of the EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc from Salmonella typhimurium, and similar proteins. PLD6 can selectively hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. It also catalyzes the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. PLD6 belongs to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Its monomer contains a short conserved sequence motif, H-x-K-x(4)-D (where x represents any amino acid residue), termed the HKD motif, which is essential in catalysis. PLD6 is more closely related to the nuclease Nuc than to other vertebrate phospholipases, which have two copies of the HKD motif in a single polypeptide chain. Like Nuc, PLD6 may utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from the HKD motif of one subunit to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. Length = 136
>gnl|CDD|197267 cd09170, PLDc_Nuc, Catalytic domain of EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc from Salmonella typhimurium and similar proteins
Score = 65.6 bits (161), Expect = 8e-16
Identities = 22/52 (42%), Positives = 30/52 (57%), Gaps = 1/52 (1%)
Query: 8 IPVRLTGPPYIMHHKFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENV-VITGTPGI 58
IPVR+ IMH+K ++ID V+ GS N+T A N EN+ VI P +
Sbjct: 77 IPVRIDDNYAIMHNKVMVIDGKTVITGSFNFTASAEKRNAENLLVIRNPPEL 128
Catalytic domain of an EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc from Salmonella typhimurium and similar proteins. Nuc is an endonuclease cleaving both single- and double-stranded DNA. It is the smallest known member of the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily that includes a diverse group of proteins with various catalytic functions. Most members of this superfamily have two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in a single polypeptide chain and both are required for catalytic activity. However, Nuc only has one copy of the HKD motif per subunit but form a functionally active homodimer (it is most likely also active in solution as a multimeric protein), which has a single active site at the dimer interface containing the HKD motifs from both subunits. Due to the lack of a distinct domain for DNA binding, Nuc cuts DNA non-specifically. It utilizes a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. Length = 142
>gnl|CDD|197215 cd09116, PLDc_Nuc_like, Catalytic domain of EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc, vertebrate phospholipase D6, and similar proteins
Catalytic domain of EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc, vertebrate phospholipase D6 (PLD6, EC 3.1.4.4), and similar proteins. Nuc is an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and the smallest known member of the PLD superfamily. It cleaves both single- and double-stranded DNA. PLD6 selectively hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC), with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLD6 also catalyzes the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Both Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which is essential for catalysis. PLDs utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. This subfamily also includes some uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain. Length = 138
Score = 57.0 bits (138), Expect = 1e-12
Identities = 18/47 (38%), Positives = 24/47 (51%), Gaps = 1/47 (2%)
Query: 7 NIPVRLTGPPYIMHHKFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVIT 53
+ VRL +H KF +ID + GS N T +A S N EN +I
Sbjct: 67 GVEVRLY-YDGSLHAKFYIIDGKTAIIGSSNLTRRALSLNLENNLII 112
Length = 129
>gnl|CDD|197271 cd09174, PLDc_Nuc_like_unchar2, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins closely related to Nuc, , an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium
Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which show high sequence homology to the endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and vertebrate phospholipase D6. Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which characterizes the PLD superfamily and is essential for catalysis. Nuc and PLD6 utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. However, proteins in this subfamily have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain. Length = 136
>gnl|CDD|197200 cd00138, PLDc_SF, Catalytic domain of phospholipase D superfamily proteins
Score = 49.1 bits (117), Expect = 1e-09
Identities = 14/53 (26%), Positives = 22/53 (41%)
Query: 1 MPKVQLNIPVRLTGPPYIMHHKFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVIT 53
V + V +H K V+ID + GS N +T + + N E V+
Sbjct: 67 RAGVNVRSYVTPPHFFERLHAKVVVIDGEVAYVGSANLSTASAAQNREAGVLV 119
Catalytic domain of phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily proteins. The PLD superfamily is composed of a large and diverse group of proteins including plant, mammalian and bacterial PLDs, bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, bacterial phosphatidylserine synthases (PSS), eukaryotic phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) synthase, eukaryotic tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1), and some bacterial endonucleases (Nuc and BfiI), among others. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. The majority of members in this superfamily contain a short conserved sequence motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), called the HKD signature motif. There are varying expanded forms of this motif in different family members. Some members contain variant HKD motifs. Most PLD enzymes are monomeric proteins with two HKD motif-containing domains. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Some PLD enzymes have only one copy of the HKD motif per subunit but form a functionally active dimer, which has a single active site at the dimer interface containing the two HKD motifs from both subunits. Different PLD enzymes may have evolved through domain fusion of a common catalytic core with separate substrate recognition domains. Despite their various catalytic functions and a very broad range of substrate specificities, the diverse group of PLD enzymes can bind to a phosphodiester moiety. Most of them are active as bi-lobed monomers or dimers, and may possess similar core structures for catalytic activity. They are generally thought to utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism, involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate, to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. Length = 119
>gnl|CDD|224419 COG1502, Cls, Phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylglycerophosphate/cardioli pin synthases and related enzymes [Lipid metabolism]
>gnl|CDD|197270 cd09173, PLDc_Nuc_like_unchar1_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins similar to Nuc, an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium
Score = 43.9 bits (104), Expect = 3e-07
Identities = 16/45 (35%), Positives = 26/45 (57%), Gaps = 4/45 (8%)
Query: 18 IMHHKFVLID----SSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVITGTPGI 58
+HHKF++ID +V+ GS N++ A N EN+++ P I
Sbjct: 100 KLHHKFMVIDPFGDDPVVITGSHNFSGAANDNNDENLLVIRDPAI 144
Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which show high sequence homology to the endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and vertebrate phospholipase D6. Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which characterizes the PLD superfamily and is essential for catalysis. Nuc and PLD6 utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. However, proteins in this subfamily have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain. Length = 159
Score = 43.1 bits (102), Expect = 4e-07
Identities = 19/52 (36%), Positives = 25/52 (48%)
Query: 7 NIPVRLTGPPYIMHHKFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVITGTPGI 58
+ VR P H K V+ID V GS NWT A N+E V+ +P +
Sbjct: 81 GVEVRFDSPSVTTHTKLVVIDGRTVYVGSHNWTYSALDYNHEASVLIESPEV 132
Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. Members of this subfamily contain one copy of HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. Length = 143
Score = 43.0 bits (102), Expect = 4e-07
Identities = 16/53 (30%), Positives = 27/53 (50%), Gaps = 1/53 (1%)
Query: 8 IPVRLTGPPYI-MHHKFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVITGTPGIK 59
+PVRL ++ +H K +++D L GS NW+ + N E +I P +
Sbjct: 79 VPVRLLKDKFLKIHAKGIVVDGKTALVGSENWSANSLDRNREVGLIFDDPEVA 131
Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer. Length = 142
>gnl|CDD|197269 cd09172, PLDc_Nuc_like_unchar1_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins similar to Nuc, an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium
Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which show high sequence homology to the endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and vertebrate phospholipase D6. Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which characterizes the PLD superfamily and is essential for catalysis. Nuc and PLD6 utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. However, proteins in this subfamily have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain. Length = 144
Score = 35.3 bits (82), Expect = 3e-04
Identities = 12/50 (24%), Positives = 21/50 (42%), Gaps = 3/50 (6%)
Query: 7 NIPVRLTGP--PYIMHH-KFVLIDSSLVLQGSMNWTTQACSGNYENVVIT 53
+ VR T Y H K++++D L + N+ +G V+T
Sbjct: 76 GVEVRWTNGTARYRYTHAKYIVVDDERALVLTENFKPSGFTGTRGFGVVT 125
Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer. Length = 141
Active site motifs. Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms are activated by ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). PLD produces phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylcholine, which may be essential for the formation of certain types of transport vesicles or may be constitutive vesicular transport to signal transduction pathways. PC-hydrolysing PLD is a homologue of cardiolipin synthase, phosphatidylserine synthase, bacterial PLDs, and viral proteins. Each of these appears to possess a domain duplication which is apparent by the presence of two motifs containing well-conserved histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, and/or asparagine residues which may contribute to the active site. An E. coli endonuclease (nuc) and similar proteins appear to be PLD homologues but possess only one of these motifs. The profile contained here represents only the putative active site regions, since an accurate multiple alignment of the repeat units has not been achieved. Length = 28
Active site motifs; The PLD superfamily includes enzymes involved in signal transduction, lipid biosynthesis, endonucleases and open reading frames in pathogenic viruses and bacteria. PLD hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids to phosphatidic acid and a hydrophilic constituent. Phosphatidic acid is a compound that is heavily involved in signal transduction. The common features of the family members are that they can bind to a phosphodiester moiety, and that most of these enzymes are active as bi-lobed monomers or dimers.
Active site motifs. Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms are activated by ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). PLD produces phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylcholine, which may be essential for the formation of certain types of transport vesicles or may be constitutive vesicular transport to signal transduction pathways. PC-hydrolysing PLD is a homologue of cardiolipin synthase, phosphatidylserine synthase, bacterial PLDs, and viral proteins. Each of these appears to possess a domain duplication which is apparent by the presence of two motifs containing well-conserved histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, and/or asparagine residues which may contribute to the active site. An E. coli endonuclease (nuc) and similar proteins appear to be PLD homologues but possess only one of these motifs. The profile contained here represents only the putative active site regions, since an accurate multiple alignment of the repeat units has not be
>PF00614 PLDc: Phospholipase D Active site motif; InterPro: IPR001736 Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolysing phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms are activated by ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs)
PLD produces phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylcholine, which may be essential for the formation of certain types of transport vesicles or may be constitutive vesicular transport to signal transduction pathways. PC-hydrolysing PLD is a homologue of cardiolipin synthase, phosphatidylserine synthase, bacterial PLDs, and viral proteins. Each of these appears to possess a domain duplication which is apparent by the presence of two motifs containing well-conserved histidine, lysine, and/or asparagine residues which may contribute to the active site aspartic acid. An Escherichia coli endonuclease (nuc) and similar proteins appear to be PLD homologues but possess only one of these motifs [, , , ].; GO: 0003824 catalytic activity, 0008152 metabolic process; PDB: 3HSI_C.
>PF07894 DUF1669: Protein of unknown function (DUF1669); InterPro: IPR012461 This family is composed of sequences derived from hypothetical eukaryotic proteins of unknown function
Members of this protein family are the enzyme polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1). This family is found in many prokaryotes and also in Dictyostelium. Sequences in the seed alignment were taken from prokaryotic consecutive two-gene pairs in which the other gene encodes an exopolyphosphatase. It synthesizes polyphosphate from the terminal phosphate of ATP but not GTP, in contrast to PPK2.
Members of this protein family are the enzyme polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1). This family is found in many prokaryotes and also in Dictyostelium. Sequences in the seed alignment were taken from prokaryotic consecutive two-gene pairs in which the other gene encodes an exopolyphosphatase. It synthesizes polyphosphate from the terminal phosphate of ATP but not GTP, in contrast to PPK2.
All types of enzymes recognise specific short DNA sequences and carry out the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. They differ in their recognition sequence, subunit composition, cleavage position, and cofactor requirements [, ], as summarised below: Type I enzymes (3.1.21.3 from EC) cleave at sites remote from recognition site; require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function; multifunctional protein with both restriction and methylase (2.1.1.72 from EC) activities. Type II enzymes (3.1.21.4 from EC) cleave within or at short specific distances from recognition site; most require magnesium; single function (restriction) enzymes independent of methylase. Type III enzymes (3.1.21.5 from EC) cleave at sites a short distance from recognition site; require ATP (but doesn't hydrolyse it); S-adenosyl-L-methionine stimulates reaction but is not required; exists as part of a complex with a modification methylase methylase (2.1.1.72 from EC). Type IV enzymes target methylated DNA. Type II restriction endonucleases (3.1.21.4 from EC) are components of prokaryotic DNA restriction-modification mechanisms that protect the organism against invading foreign DNA. These site-specific deoxyribonucleases catalyse the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Of the 3000 restriction endonucleases that have been characterised, most are homodimeric or tetrameric enzymes that cleave target DNA at sequence-specific sites close to the recognition site. For homodimeric enzymes, the recognition site is usually a palindromic sequence 4-8 bp in length. Most enzymes require magnesium ions as a cofactor for catalysis. Although they can vary in their mode of recognition, many restriction endonucleases share a similar structural core comprising four beta-strands and one alpha-helix, as well as a similar mechanism of cleavage, suggesting a common ancestral origin []. However, there is still considerable diversity amongst restriction endonucleases [, ]. The target site recognition process triggers large conformational changes of the enzyme and the target DNA, leading to the activation of the catalytic centres. Like other DNA binding proteins, restriction enzymes are capable of non-specific DNA binding as well, which is the prerequisite for efficient target site location by facilitated diffusion. Non-specific binding usually does not involve interactions with the bases but only with the DNA backbone []. This domain is found in NgoFVII restriction endonuclease, which recognises GCSGC but cleavage site is unknown. It is also found as the C-terminal domain of the res subunit of some type III restriction endonucleases.
>PF06087 Tyr-DNA_phospho: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase; InterPro: IPR010347 Covalent intermediates between topoisomerase I and DNA can become dead-end complexes that lead to cell death
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase can hydrolyse the bond between topoisomerase I and DNA [].; GO: 0008081 phosphoric diester hydrolase activity, 0006281 DNA repair, 0005634 nucleus; PDB: 3SQ8_A 3SQ5_B 3SQ3_A 1Q32_D 3SQ7_A 1QZQ_A 1RGU_B 1RG2_B 1MU9_B 1RFI_B ....
>COG3886 Predicted HKD family nuclease [DNA replication, recombination, and repair]
>PF06087 Tyr-DNA_phospho: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase; InterPro: IPR010347 Covalent intermediates between topoisomerase I and DNA can become dead-end complexes that lead to cell death
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase can hydrolyse the bond between topoisomerase I and DNA [].; GO: 0008081 phosphoric diester hydrolase activity, 0006281 DNA repair, 0005634 nucleus; PDB: 3SQ8_A 3SQ5_B 3SQ3_A 1Q32_D 3SQ7_A 1QZQ_A 1RGU_B 1RG2_B 1MU9_B 1RFI_B ....
