Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 nons-pecific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging. Rattus norvegicus (taxid: 10116)
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging.
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging.
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging.
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging. Exploited by retroviruses for inhibiting self-destructing autointegration of retroviral DNA, thereby promoting integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome. EMD and BAF are cooperative cofactors of HIV-1 infection. Association of EMD with the viral DNA requires the presence of BAF and viral integrase. The association of viral DNA with chromatin requires the presence of BAF and EMD.
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging.
Bos taurus (taxid: 9913)
>sp|Q66KV4|BAFB_XENLA Barrier-to-autointegration factor B OS=Xenopus laevis GN=banf1-b PE=3 SV=1
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging.
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Functions are required in both M phase and interphase of the cell cycle.
Drosophila melanogaster (taxid: 7227)
>sp|Q6NTS2|BAFA_XENLA Barrier-to-autointegration factor A OS=Xenopus laevis GN=banf1-a PE=1 SV=1
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non-specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging.
Xenopus laevis (taxid: 8355)
>sp|Q5HZM3|BAFL_XENLA Barrier-to-autointegration factor-like protein OS=Xenopus laevis GN=banf2 PE=3 SV=1
>gi|91081091|ref|XP_975490.1| PREDICTED: similar to barrier-to-autointegration factor B [Tribolium castaneum] gi|270006017|gb|EFA02465.1| hypothetical protein TcasGA2_TC008153 [Tribolium castaneum]
The BAF protein has a SAM-domain-like bundle of orthogonally packed alpha-hairpins - one classic and one pseudo helix-hairpin-helix motif. The protein is involved in the prevention of retroviral DNA integration. Length = 89
>gnl|CDD|198091 smart01023, BAF, Barrier to autointegration factor
Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is an essential protein that is highly conserved in metazoan evolution, and which may act as a DNA-bridging protein. BAF binds directly to double-stranded DNA, to transcription activators, and to inner nuclear membrane proteins, including lamin A filament proteins that anchor nuclear-pore complexes in place, and nuclear LEM-domain proteins that bind to laminins filaments and chromatin. New findings suggest that BAF has structural roles in nuclear assembly and chromatin organization, represses gene expression and might interlink chromatin structure, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in metazoans. BAF can be exploited by retroviruses to act as a host component of pre-integration complexes, which promote the integration of the retroviral DNA into the host chromosome by preventing autointegration of retroviral DNA. BAF might contribute to the assembly or activity of retroviral pre-integration complexes through direct binding to the retroviral proteins p55 Gag and matrix, as well as to DNA. Length = 87
>PF02961 BAF: Barrier to autointegration factor; InterPro: IPR004122 Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is an essential protein that is highly conserved in metazoan evolution, and which may act as a DNA-bridging protein []
Probab=100.00 E-value=7.4e-63 Score=332.80 Aligned_cols=88 Identities=81% Similarity=1.397 Sum_probs=73.7
Q ss_pred CcchHHHHhhhhCCCCCCCcccccCccHHHHHhHHhcCCchhhHhhhhhhhhhcCHHHHHHHHHHhhccchhhHhHHHHH
Q psy6806 1 MSTSQKHQNFVSEPMGEKPVTELAGVGDVLGKRLESKGFDKAYVVLGQFLLLKQNEELFVDWMKETCQANAKQSGDCYNC 80 (89)
Q Consensus 1 ~~tS~Khr~Fv~ePMg~K~Vt~l~GIG~~lg~~L~~~Gf~kAy~lLGqfL~l~k~~~~F~~WLk~~~gAn~kqa~dc~~c 80 (89)
|||||||||||+||||||+|++||||||+||+||+++|||||||||||||+|+||++.|++||+++||||+|||+|||+|
T Consensus 2 sttSqKhr~Fv~EPMGeK~V~~laGIG~~lg~~L~~~GfdKAy~vLGqfLll~kde~~F~~WLk~~~gAn~kqa~dcy~c 81 (89)
T PF02961_consen 2 STTSQKHRNFVSEPMGEKPVTELAGIGPVLGKRLEEKGFDKAYVVLGQFLLLKKDEELFQDWLKDTCGANSKQAQDCYNC 81 (89)
T ss_dssp --S-HHHHHHTTS--TT-BGGGSTT--HHHHHHHHHTT--BHHHHHHHHHHTTT-HHHHHHHHHHHH---HHHHHHHHHH
T ss_pred CccCHHHHHHhcCccCCCCccccCCcCHHHHHHHHHCCCcHHHHHhhhhhhccCcHHHHHHHHHHHhCCCHHHHHHHHHH
Confidence 69999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
Q ss_pred HHHHHHhc
Q psy6806 81 LKDWCGEF 88 (89)
Q Consensus 81 l~eWc~~f 88 (89)
|+|||++|
T Consensus 82 L~eWc~~F 89 (89)
T PF02961_consen 82 LKEWCDEF 89 (89)
T ss_dssp HHHHHHHH
T ss_pred HHHHHHhC
Confidence 99999998
BAF binds directly to double-stranded DNA, to transcription activators, and to inner nuclear membrane proteins, including lamin A filament proteins that anchor nuclear-pore complexes in place, and nuclear LEM-domain proteins that bind to laminins filaments and chromatin. New findings suggest that BAF has structural roles in nuclear assembly and chromatin organisation, represses gene expression and might interlink chromatin structure, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in metazoans []. BAF can be exploited by retroviruses to act as a host component of pre-integration complexes, which promote the integration of the retroviral DNA into the host chromosome by preventing autointegration of retroviral DNA []. BAF might contribute to the assembly or activity of retroviral pre-integration complexes through direct binding to the retroviral proteins p55 Gag and matrix, as well as to DNA.; GO: 0003677 DNA binding; PDB: 2ODG_A 2BZF_A 2EZX_B 2EZY_B 1QCK_B 1CI4_B 2EZZ_B.
>PF11798 IMS_HHH: IMS family HHH motif; InterPro: IPR024728 This helix-hairpin-helix motif is found in proteins belonging to the type-Y family of DNA polymerases []
This type of polymerases are thought to be involved in UV protection and mutation [, ]. ; PDB: 3PZP_B 2OH2_B 2W7O_B 3IN5_B 1T94_A 2W7P_B 2W8K_A 2AGQ_A 1RYR_A 3RAX_A ....
>PRK04301 radA DNA repair and recombination protein RadA; Validated
>PF11731 Cdd1: Pathogenicity locus; InterPro: IPR021725 Cdd1 is expressed as part of the pathogenicity locus operon in several different orders of bacteria []
Pol iota, also called Rad30B, is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase. Translesion synthesis is a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. Pol iota is thought to be one of the least efficient polymerases, particularly when opposite pyrimidines; it can incorporate the correct nucleotide opposite a purine much more efficiently than opposite a pyrimidine, and prefers to insert guanosine instead of adenosine opposite thymidine. Pol iota is believed to use Hoogsteen rather than Watson-Crick base pairing, which may explain the varying efficiency for different template nucleotides.
Rev1 is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase found in eukaryotes. Translesion synthesis is a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. Rev1 has both structural and enzymatic roles. Structurally, it is believed to interact with other nonclassical polymerases and replication machinery to act as a scaffold. Enzymatically, it catalyzes the specific insertion of dCMP opposite abasic sites. Rev1 interacts with the Rev7 subunit of the B-family TLS polymerase Pol zeta (Rev3/Rev7). Rev1 is known to actively promote the introduction of mutations, potentially making it a significant target for cancer treatment.
Y-family DNA polymerases are a specialized subset of polymerases that facilitate translesion synthesis (TLS), a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. Unlike replicative polymerases, TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. The active sites of TLS polymerases are large and flexible to allow the accomodation of distorted bases. Most TLS polymerases are members of the Y-family, including Pol eta, Pol kappa/IV, Pol iota, Rev1, and Pol V, which is found exclusively in bacteria. In eukaryotes, the B-family polymerase Pol zeta also functions as a TLS polymerase. Expression of Y-family polymerases is often induced by DNA damage and is believed to be highly regulated. TLS is likely induced by the monoubiquitination of the replication clamp PCNA, which provides a scaffold for TLS polymerases to bind in ord
umuC subunit of Pol V. Pol V is a bacterial translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase that consists of the heterotrimer of one umuC and two umuD subunits. Translesion synthesis is a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. Pol V, RecA, single stranded DNA-binding protein, beta sliding clamp, and gamma clamp loading complex are responsible for inducing the SOS response in bacteria to repair UV-induced DNA damage.
>PRK03609 umuC DNA polymerase V subunit UmuC; Reviewed
This family consists exclusively of archaeal RadA protein, a homolog of bacterial RecA (TIGR02012), eukaryotic RAD51 (TIGR02239), and archaeal RadB (TIGR02237). This protein is involved in DNA repair and recombination. The member from Pyrococcus horikoshii contains an intein.
>PF04994 TfoX_C: TfoX C-terminal domain; InterPro: IPR007077 This domain is found in a number of bacterial proteins including the TfoX gene product of Haemophilus influenzae
TfoX may play a key role in the development of genetic competence by regulating the expression of late competence-specific genes []. This family corresponds to the C-terminal presumed domain of TfoX. The domain is found in association with the N-terminal domain in some, but not all members of this group, suggesting this is an autonomous and functionally unrelated domain. For example it is found associated with Q9JZR1 from SWISSPROT in IPR002125 from INTERPRO.; PDB: 3BQT_A 3MAB_A.
>PF00633 HHH: Helix-hairpin-helix motif; InterPro: IPR000445 The HhH motif is an around 20 amino acids domain present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic non-sequence-specific DNA binding proteins [, , ]
The HhH motif is similar to, but distinct from, the HtH motif. Both of these motifs have two helices connected by a short turn. In the HtH motif the second helix binds to DNA with the helix in the major groove. This allows the contact between specific base and residues throughout the protein. In the HhH motif the second helix does not protrude from the surface of the protein and therefore cannot lie in the major groove of the DNA. Crystallographic studies suggest that the interaction of the HhH domain with DNA is mediated by amino acids located in the strongly conserved loop (L-P-G-V) and at the N-terminal end of the second helix []. This interaction could involve the formation of hydrogen bonds between protein backbone nitrogens and DNA phosphate groups []. The structural difference between the HtH and HhH domains is reflected at the functional level: whereas the HtH domain, found primarily in gene regulatory proteins, binds DNA in a sequence specific manner, the HhH domain is rather found in proteins involved in enzymatic activities and binds DNA with no sequence specificity []. The HhH domain of DisA, a bacterial checkpoint control protein, is a DNA-binding domain [].; GO: 0003677 DNA binding; PDB: 3C1Z_A 3C23_A 3C1Y_A 3C21_A 1Z00_A 2A1J_B 1KEA_A 1VRL_A 1RRQ_A 3G0Q_A ....
>smart00278 HhH1 Helix-hairpin-helix DNA-binding motif class 1
Pol IV, also known as Pol kappa, DinB, and Dpo4, is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase. Translesion synthesis is a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. Known primarily as Pol IV in prokaryotes and Pol kappa in eukaryotes, this polymerase has a propensity for generating frameshift mutations. The eukaryotic Pol kappa differs from Pol IV and Dpo4 by an N-terminal extension of ~75 residues known as the "N-clasp" region. The structure of Pol kappa shows DNA that is almost totally encircled by Pol kappa, with the N-clasp region augmenting the interactions between DNA and the polymerase. Pol kappa is more resistant than Pol eta and Pol iota to bulky guanine adducts and is efficient at catalyzing the incorporation of dCTP. Bacterial pol IV has a
>PF10391 DNA_pol_lambd_f: Fingers domain of DNA polymerase lambda; InterPro: IPR018944 DNA polymerases catalyse the addition of dNMPs onto the 3-prime ends of DNA chains
There is a general polymerase fold consisting of three subdomains that have been likened to the fingers, palm, and thumb of a right hand. This entry represents the central three-helical region of DNA polymerase lambda referred to as the F and G helices of the fingers domain. Contacts with DNA involve this conserved helix-hairpin-helix motif in the fingers region which interacts with the primer strand. This motif is common to several DNA binding proteins and confers a sequence-independent interaction with the DNA backbone []. ; GO: 0016779 nucleotidyltransferase activity; PDB: 1KDH_A 1KEJ_A 1JMS_A 2IHM_A 3OGU_A 1MQ2_A 2P66_A 7ICI_A 1ZQN_A 1ZQK_A ....
Pol eta, also called Rad30A, is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase. Translesion synthesis is a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. Unlike other Y-family members, Pol eta can efficiently and accurately replicate DNA past UV-induced lesions. Its activity is initiated by two simultaneous interactions: the PIP box in pol eta interacting with PCNA, and the UBZ (ubiquitin-binding zinc finger) in pol eta interacting with monoubiquitin attached to PCNA. Pol eta is more efficient in copying damaged DNA than undamaged DNA and seems to recognize when a lesion has been passed, facilitating a lesion-dependent dissociation from the DNA.
>PRK12278 50S ribosomal protein L21/unknown domain fusion protein; Provisional
X family polymerases fill in short gaps during DNA repair. They are relatively inaccurate enzymes and play roles in base excision repair, in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) which acts mainly to repair damage due to ionizing radiation, and in V(D)J recombination. This family includes eukaryotic Pol beta, Pol lambda, Pol mu, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Pol beta and Pol lambda are primarily DNA template-dependent polymerases. TdT is a DNA template-independent polymerase. Pol mu has both template dependent and template independent activities. This subgroup belongs to the Pol beta-like NT superfamily. In the majority of enzymes in this superfamily, two carboxylates, Dx[D/E], together with a third more distal carboxylate, coordinate two divalent metal cations involved in a two-metal ion mechanism of nucleotide addition. These three carboxylate residues are fairly well conserved in this
>PRK02515 psbU photosystem II complex extrinsic protein precursor U; Provisional
>PF02371 Transposase_20: Transposase IS116/IS110/IS902 family; InterPro: IPR003346 Transposases are needed for efficient transposition of the insertion sequence or transposon DNA
This family includes transposases for IS116, IS110 and IS902. It is often found with the transposase IS111A/IS1328/IS1533 family (see IPR002525 from INTERPRO) [, ]. More information about these proteins can be found at Protein of the Month: Transposase [].; GO: 0003677 DNA binding, 0004803 transposase activity, 0006313 transposition, DNA-mediated
>3gqc_A DNA repair protein REV1; protein-DNA complex, DNA damage, DNA repair, DNA synthesis, binding, magnesium, metal-binding; HET: DNA DOC DCP; 2.50A {Homo sapiens}
class: All alpha proteins
fold: SAM domain-like
superfamily: PsbU/PolX domain-like
family: DNA polymerase beta-like, second domain
domain: DNA polymerase beta
species: Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId: 9606]
class: All alpha proteins
fold: SAM domain-like
superfamily: Rad51 N-terminal domain-like
family: DNA repair protein Rad51, N-terminal domain
domain: DNA repair protein Rad51, N-terminal domain
species: Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId: 9606]
class: All alpha proteins
fold: SAM domain-like
superfamily: PsbU/PolX domain-like
family: DNA polymerase beta-like, second domain
domain: DNA polymerase lambda
species: Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId: 9606]
class: All alpha proteins
fold: SAM domain-like
superfamily: DNA polymerase beta, N-terminal domain-like
family: DNA polymerase beta, N-terminal domain-like
domain: DNA polymerase lambda
species: Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId: 9606]
