Hydroxylates L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan but does not hydroxylate L-tyrosine to L-DOPA. It uses D-threo-tetrahydrodictyopterin (DH4), also known as dictyoperin, as a cofactor.
GO:0016714 "oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen" evidence=IEA
GO:0016714 "oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen" evidence=IEA
This model describes the larger, tetrameric form of phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, as found in metazoans. The enzyme irreversibly converts phenylalanine to tryosine and is known to be the rate-limiting step in phenylalanine catabolism in some systems. It is closely related to metazoan tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and tryptophan 5-monoxygenase, and more distantly to monomeric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylases of some Gram-negative bacteria. The member of this family from Drosophila has been described as having both phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and tryptophan 5-monoxygenase activity (PMID:1371286). However, a Drosophila member of the tryptophan 5-monoxygenase clade has subsequently been discovered. Length = 436
>gnl|CDD|239463 cd03347, eu_PheOH, Eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (eu_PheOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes prokaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (pro_PheOH), eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
PheOH catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the metabolism of the amino acid L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), the hydroxylation of L-Phe to L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). It uses (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as the physiological electron donor. The catalytic activity of the tetrameric enzyme is tightly regulated by the binding of L-Phe and BH4 as well as by phosphorylation. Mutations in the human enzyme are linked to a severe variant of phenylketonuria. Length = 306
This family includes phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, the phenylketonuria disease protein. Length = 306
>gnl|CDD|238215 cd00361, arom_aa_hydroxylase, Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase; a family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PheOH), eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
PheOH converts L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine, an important step in phenylalanine catabolism and neurotransmitter biosynthesis, and is linked to a severe variant of phenylketonuria in humans. TyrOH and TrpOH are involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin, respectively. The eukaryotic enzymes are all homotetramers. Length = 221
This model describes tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, a member of the family of tetrameric, biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases found in metazoans. It is closely related to tetrameric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and tryptophan 5-monooxygenase, and more distantly related to the monomeric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase found in some Gram-negative bacteria. Length = 457
>gnl|CDD|239461 cd03345, eu_TyrOH, Eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PheOH) and eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
TyrOH catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Length = 298
This model describes tryptophan 5-monooxygenase, a member of the family of tetrameric, biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases found in metazoans. It is closely related to tetrameric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and more distantly related to the monomeric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase found in some Gram-negative bacteria [Energy metabolism, Amino acids and amines]. Length = 464
>gnl|CDD|239462 cd03346, eu_TrpOH, Eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PheOH) and eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH)
TrpOH oxidizes L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a widely distributed hormone and neurotransmitter. Length = 287
Score = 106 bits (268), Expect = 2e-29
Identities = 39/73 (53%), Positives = 48/73 (65%), Gaps = 3/73 (4%)
Query: 7 CYWFTVEFGLCRQEGQLKAFGAGLLSSFGELQYCL-SDKPQRKPFEPSVTALQT-YPITE 64
YWFTVEFGL R G L+ +GAG+LSS GE Y L SD P R+PF+ ++T Y I
Sbjct: 169 LYWFTVEFGLIRTPGGLRIYGAGILSSPGETLYALESDSPNRRPFDL-ERVMRTPYRIDI 227
Query: 65 YQPLYFVAESFED 77
+QP YFV +SFE
Sbjct: 228 FQPTYFVIDSFEQ 240
Length = 275
>gnl|CDD|239464 cd03348, pro_PheOH, Prokaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (pro_PheOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes the eukaryotic proteins, phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (eu_PheOH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
Score = 97.3 bits (243), Expect = 3e-26
Identities = 34/71 (47%), Positives = 43/71 (60%), Gaps = 1/71 (1%)
Query: 8 YWFTVEFGLCRQEGQLKAFGAGLLSSFGELQYCLSDK-PQRKPFEPSVTALQTYPITEYQ 66
YW+TVEFGL ++ G L+ +GAG+LSS GE Y L P R PF+ Y I +Q
Sbjct: 154 YWYTVEFGLIQEPGGLRIYGAGILSSPGETLYALESPDPNRIPFDLERVMRTPYRIDSFQ 213
Query: 67 PLYFVAESFED 77
P YFV +SFE
Sbjct: 214 PTYFVIDSFEQ 224
PheOH catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-Phe to L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). It uses (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as the physiological electron donor. Length = 228
>gnl|CDD|225727 COG3186, COG3186, Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase [Amino acid transport and metabolism]
Score = 80.7 bits (199), Expect = 1e-19
Identities = 33/75 (44%), Positives = 46/75 (61%), Gaps = 3/75 (4%)
Query: 8 YWFTVEFGLCRQEGQLKAFGAGLLSSFGELQYCL-SDKPQRKPFEPSVTALQT-YPITEY 65
YW+T+EFGL + + +GAG+LSS E Y L SD+P F+ + A++T Y I +
Sbjct: 154 YWYTIEFGLVETDQGKRIYGAGILSSPKETVYSLESDEPLHVAFDL-LEAMRTPYRIDIF 212
Query: 66 QPLYFVAESFEDAKD 80
QPLYFV SF+ D
Sbjct: 213 QPLYFVLPSFKRLFD 227
This model describes the smaller, monomeric form of phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, as found in a small number of Gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme irreversibly converts phenylalanine to tryosine and is known to be the rate-limiting step in phenylalanine catabolism in some systems. This family is of biopterin and metal-dependent hydroxylases is related to a family of longer, multimeric aromatic amino acid hydroxylases that have additional N-terminal regulatory sequences. These include tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, and tryptophan 5-monoxygenase [Energy metabolism, Amino acids and amines]. Length = 248
>PF00351 Biopterin_H: Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase; InterPro: IPR019774 Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases constitute a family of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, all of which are rate-limiting catalysts for important metabolic pathways []
The proteins are structurally and functionally related, each containing iron, and catalysing ring hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids, using tetra-hydrobiopterin (BH4) as a substrate. All are regulated by phosphorylation at serines in their N-termini. It has been suggested that the proteins each contain a conserved C-terminal catalytic (C) domain and an unrelated N-terminal regulatory (R) domain. It is possible that the R domains arose from genes that were recruited from different sources to combine with the common gene for the catalytic core. Thus, by combining with the same C domain, the proteins acquired the unique regulatory properties of the separate R domains. A variety of enzymes belong to this family that includes, phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum where it is copper-dependent; it is iron-dependent in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. In humans, deficiencies are the cause of phenylketonuria, the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism [], tryptophan 5-hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis: the conversion of tryptophan to 3-hydroxy-anthranilate and tyrosine 3-hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis: the conversion of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.; GO: 0016714 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen, 0055114 oxidation-reduction process; PDB: 1PHZ_A 2PHM_A 2V28_A 2V27_A 1PAH_A 1DMW_A 1TG2_A 1KW0_A 1MMT_A 1TDW_A ....
This model describes tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, a member of the family of tetrameric, biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases found in metazoans. It is closely related to tetrameric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and tryptophan 5-monooxygenase, and more distantly related to the monomeric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase found in some Gram-negative bacteria.
>TIGR01268 Phe4hydrox_tetr phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, tetrameric form
The member of this family from Drosophila has been described as having both phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and tryptophan 5-monoxygenase activity (PubMed:1371286). However, a Drosophila member of the tryptophan 5-monoxygenase clade has subsequently been discovered.
This model describes tryptophan 5-monooxygenase, a member of the family of tetrameric, biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases found in metazoans. It is closely related to tetrameric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and more distantly related to the monomeric phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase found in some Gram-negative bacteria.
>cd03347 eu_PheOH Eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (eu_PheOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes prokaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (pro_PheOH), eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
PheOH catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the metabolism of the amino acid L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), the hydroxylation of L-Phe to L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). It uses (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as the physiological electron donor. The catalytic activity of the tetrameric enzyme is tightly regulated by the binding of L-Phe and BH4 as well as by phosphorylation. Mutations in the human enzyme are linked to a severe variant of phenylketonuria.
>cd03345 eu_TyrOH Eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PheOH) and eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
TyrOH catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline.
>cd03346 eu_TrpOH Eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PheOH) and eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH)
TrpOH oxidizes L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a widely distributed hormone and neurotransmitter.
>cd00361 arom_aa_hydroxylase Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase; a family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PheOH), eukaryotic tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and eukaryotic tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
PheOH converts L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine, an important step in phenylalanine catabolism and neurotransmitter biosynthesis, and is linked to a severe variant of phenylketonuria in humans. TyrOH and TrpOH are involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin, respectively. The eukaryotic enzymes are all homotetramers.
>cd03348 pro_PheOH Prokaryotic phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (pro_PheOH); a member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family of non-heme, iron(II)-dependent enzymes that also includes the eukaryotic proteins, phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (eu_PheOH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH)
PheOH catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-Phe to L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). It uses (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as the physiological electron donor.
>TIGR01267 Phe4hydrox_mono phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, monomeric form
This family is of biopterin and metal-dependent hydroxylases is related to a family of longer, multimeric aromatic amino acid hydroxylases that have additional N-terminal regulatory sequences. These include tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, and tryptophan 5-monoxygenase.
>pdb|3TK2|A Chain A, Crystallographic Structure Of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase From Chromobacterium Violaceum Cocrystallized With Phenylalanine In A Site Distal To The Active Site Length = 302
>pdb|3TCY|A Chain A, Crystallographic Structure Of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase From Chromobacterium Violaceum (Cpah) Bound To Phenylalanine In A Site Distal To The Active Site Length = 302