Could be involved in the transport of tyrosine, the precursor to melanin synthesis, within the melanocyte. Regulates the pH of melanosome and the melanosome maturation. One of the components of the mammalian pigmentary system. Seems to regulate the postranslational processing of tyrosinase, which catalyzes the limiting reaction in melanin synthesis. It can modulate intracellular glutathione metabolism. Mus musculus (taxid: 10090)
>sp|Q04671|P_HUMAN P protein OS=Homo sapiens GN=OCA2 PE=1 SV=2
Could be involved in the transport of tyrosine, the precursor to melanin synthesis, within the melanocyte. Regulates the pH of melanosome and the melanosome maturation. One of the components of the mammalian pigmentary system. Seems to regulate the post-translational processing of tyrosinase, which catalyzes the limiting reaction in melanin synthesis. May serve as a key control point at which ethnic skin color variation is determined. Major determinant of brown and/or blue eye color.
Homo sapiens (taxid: 9606)
>sp|Q8MIQ9|P_PIG P protein OS=Sus scrofa GN=Oca2 PE=2 SV=3
Could be involved in the transport of tyrosine, the precursor to melanin synthesis, within the melanocyte. Regulates the pH of melanosome and the melanosome maturation. One of the components of the mammalian pigmentary system. Seems to regulate the postranslational processing of tyrosinase, which catalyzes the limiting reaction in melanin synthesis.
Mutations in the human melanosomal P gene were responsible for classic phenotype of oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2). Although the precise function of the P protein is unknown, it was predicted to regulate the intraorganelle pH, together with the ATP-driven proton pump. It shows significant sequence similarity to the Na+/H+ antiporter NhaD from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Both proteins belong to ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium, arsenate, sulfate, and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease contains 8-13 transmembrane domains. Length = 413
>gnl|CDD|223983 COG1055, ArsB, Na+/H+ antiporter NhaD and related arsenite permeases [Inorganic ion transport and metabolism]
Score = 47.6 bits (114), Expect = 3e-08
Identities = 21/51 (41%), Positives = 31/51 (60%)
Query: 9 VTTILLMTPVTIRLCEVCELNPSPILMAMMIFSNIGGGASIVGDPPNAIIA 59
T +LL V L ++ P P+L+A+ +NIGG A+ +G+PPN IIA
Sbjct: 97 ATAVLLTPIVLALLRKLGLSPPVPLLLALAFAANIGGAATPIGNPPNLIIA 147
These permeases have been shown to translocate sodium, arsenate, antimonite, sulfate and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical anion permease contains 8-13 transmembrane helices and can function either independently as a chemiosmotic transporter or as a channel-forming subunit of an ATP-driven anion pump. Length = 396
Score = 44.2 bits (105), Expect = 5e-07
Identities = 22/55 (40%), Positives = 33/55 (60%)
Query: 10 TTILLMTPVTIRLCEVCELNPSPILMAMMIFSNIGGGASIVGDPPNAIIALHPGI 64
T L+ TP+ + L V L P P+L+A+ +NIG A+ +G+P N +IA GI
Sbjct: 99 TACLVFTPIVLELARVAGLPPIPLLLALATAANIGSAATPIGNPQNLLIASESGI 153
Based on sequence similarity, YbiR proteins are predicted to function as anion translocating permeases in eubacteria, archaea and plants. They belong to ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that have been shown to translocate sodium, sulfate, arsenite and organic anions. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease is composed of 8-13 transmembrane domains. Length = 384
These proteins are members of the NhaD Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaD) Family (TC 2.A.62). A single member of the NhaD family has been characterized. This protein is the NhaD protein of Vibrio parahaemolyticus which has 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions. It has been shown to catalyze Na+/H+ antiport, but Li+ can also be a substrate.
>PF03600 CitMHS: Citrate transporter; InterPro: IPR004680 Characterised proteins in this entry belong mostly to the divalent anion symporter family, which is found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Substrates shown to be transported by these proteins include citrate and phosphate []. This entry also contains the melanocyte-specific transporter protein P, mutation of which leads to albinism []. Another protein in this entry, SAC1, has been shown to regulate the sulphur deprivation response in Chlamydomonas by inducing cysteine biosynthesis, though its precise role in this induction is not known [].; GO: 0015137 citrate transmembrane transporter activity, 0015746 citrate transport, 0055085 transmembrane transport, 0016021 integral to membrane
>PLN00137 NHAD transporter family protein; Provisional
These proteins are members of the NhaB Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaB) Family (TC 2.A.34). The only characterised member of this family is the Escherichia coli NhaB protein, which has 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions, and catalyses sodium/proton exchange. Unlike NhaA this activity is not pH dependent.
Based on sequence similarity, YbiR proteins are predicted to function as anion translocating permeases in eubacteria, archaea and plants. They belong to ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that have been shown to translocate sodium, sulfate, arsenite and organic anions. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease is composed of 8-13 transmembrane domains.
These permeases have been shown to export arsenate and antimonite in eubacteria and archaea. A typical ArsB permease contains 8-13 transmembrane helices and can function either independently as a chemiosmotic transporter or as a channel-forming subunit of an ATP-driven anion pump (ArsAB). The ArsAB complex is similar in many ways to ATP-binding cassette transporters, which have two groups of six transmembrane-spanning helical segments and two nucleotide-binding domains. The ArsB proteins belong to the ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium, arsenate, sulfate, and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life.
Mutations in the human melanosomal P gene were responsible for classic phenotype of oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2). Although the precise function of the P protein is unknown, it was predicted to regulate the intraorganelle pH, together with the ATP-driven proton pump. It shows significant sequence similarity to the Na+/H+ antiporter NhaD from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Both proteins belong to ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium, arsenate, sulfate, and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease contains 8-13 transmembrane domains.
>cd01116 P_permease Permease P (pink-eyed dilution)
Mutations in the human melanosomal P gene were responsible for classic phenotype of oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2). Although the precise function of the P protein is unknown, it was predicted to regulate the intraorganelle pH, together with the ATP-driven proton pump. It shows significant sequence similarity to the Na+/H+ antiporter NhaD from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Both proteins belong to ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium, arsenate, sulfate, and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease contains 8-13 transmembrane domains.
The sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter NaDC-1 has been shown to translocate Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate across plasma membranes rabbit, human, and rat kidney. It is related to renal and intestinal Na+/sulfate cotransporters and a few putative bacterial permeases. The SLC13-type proteins belong to the ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium and various anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease is composed of 8-13 transmembrane helices.
Functionally characterized proteins of the DASS family transport (1) organic di- and tricarboxylates of the Krebs Cycle as well as dicarboxylate amino acid, (2) inorganic sulfate and (3) phosphate. The animal NaDC-1 cotransport 3 Na+ with each dicarboxylate. Protonated tricarboxylates are also cotransported with 3Na+.
>PF02040 ArsB: Arsenical pump membrane protein; InterPro: IPR000802 Arsenic is a toxic metalloid whose trivalent and pentavalent ions inhibit a variety of biochemical processes
Operons that encode arsenic resistance have been found in multicopy plasmids from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria []. The resistance mechanism is encoded from a single operon, which houses an anion pump. The pump has two polypeptide components: a catalytic subunit (the ArsA protein), which functions as an oxyanion-stimulated ATPase; and an arsenite export component (the ArsB protein), which is associated with the inner membrane []. The ArsA and ArsB proteins are thought to form a membrane complex that functions as an anion-translocating ATPase. The ArsB protein is distinguished by its overall hydrophobic character, in keeping with its role as a membrane-associated channel. Sequence analysis reveals the presence of 13 putative transmembrane (TM) regions.; GO: 0015105 arsenite transmembrane transporter activity, 0016021 integral to membrane
These permeases have been shown to translocate sodium, arsenate, antimonite, sulfate and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical anion permease contains 8-13 transmembrane helices and can function either independently as a chemiosmotic transporter or as a channel-forming subunit of an ATP-driven anion pump.
Functionally characterized proteins of the DASS family transport (1) organic di- and tricarboxylates of the Krebs Cycle as well as dicarboxylate amino acid, (2) inorganic sulfate and (3) phosphate. The animal NaDC-1 cotransport 3 Na+ with each dicarboxylate. Protonated tricarboxylates are also cotransported with 3Na+.
>COG0471 CitT Di- and tricarboxylate transporters [Inorganic ion transport and metabolism]
The sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter NaDC-1 has been shown to translocate Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate across plasma membranes rabbit, human, and rat kidney. It is related to renal and intestinal Na+/sulfate cotransporters and a few putative bacterial permeases. The SLC13-type proteins belong to the ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium and various anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease is composed of 8-13 transmembrane helices.
>PF00939 Na_sulph_symp: Sodium:sulfate symporter transmembrane region; InterPro: IPR001898 Integral membrane proteins that mediate the intake of a wide variety of molecules with the concomitant uptake of sodium ions (sodium symporters) can be grouped, on the basis of sequence and functional similarities into a number of distinct families
One of these families currently consists of the following proteins: Mammalian sodium/sulphate cotransporter []. Mammalian renal sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter [], which transports succinate and citrate. Mammalian intestinal sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii putative sulphur deprivation response regulator SAC1 []. Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical proteins B0285.6, F31F6.6, K08E5.2 and R107.1. Escherichia coli hypothetical protein yfbS. Haemophilus influenzae hypothetical protein HI0608. Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803) hypothetical protein sll0640. Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (Methanococcus jannaschii) hypothetical protein MJ0672. These transporters are proteins of from 430 to 620 amino acids which are highly hydrophobic and which probably contain about 12 transmembrane regions.; GO: 0005215 transporter activity, 0006814 sodium ion transport, 0055085 transmembrane transport, 0016020 membrane
Based on sequence similarity, YbiR proteins are predicted to function as anion translocating permeases in eubacteria, archaea and plants. They belong to ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that have been shown to translocate sodium, sulfate, arsenite and organic anions. A typical ArsB/NhaD permease is composed of 8-13 transmembrane domains.
These permeases have been shown to export arsenate and antimonite in eubacteria and archaea. A typical ArsB permease contains 8-13 transmembrane helices and can function either independently as a chemiosmotic transporter or as a channel-forming subunit of an ATP-driven anion pump (ArsAB). The ArsAB complex is similar in many ways to ATP-binding cassette transporters, which have two groups of six transmembrane-spanning helical segments and two nucleotide-binding domains. The ArsB proteins belong to the ArsB/NhaD superfamily of permeases that translocate sodium, arsenate, sulfate, and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life.
>PF00939 Na_sulph_symp: Sodium:sulfate symporter transmembrane region; InterPro: IPR001898 Integral membrane proteins that mediate the intake of a wide variety of molecules with the concomitant uptake of sodium ions (sodium symporters) can be grouped, on the basis of sequence and functional similarities into a number of distinct families
One of these families currently consists of the following proteins: Mammalian sodium/sulphate cotransporter []. Mammalian renal sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter [], which transports succinate and citrate. Mammalian intestinal sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii putative sulphur deprivation response regulator SAC1 []. Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical proteins B0285.6, F31F6.6, K08E5.2 and R107.1. Escherichia coli hypothetical protein yfbS. Haemophilus influenzae hypothetical protein HI0608. Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803) hypothetical protein sll0640. Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (Methanococcus jannaschii) hypothetical protein MJ0672. These transporters are proteins of from 430 to 620 amino acids which are highly hydrophobic and which probably contain about 12 transmembrane regions.; GO: 0005215 transporter activity, 0006814 sodium ion transport, 0055085 transmembrane transport, 0016020 membrane
These proteins are members of th C4-Dicarboxylate Uptake (Dcu) Family (TC 2.A.13). Most proteins in this family have 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions; however one member has 10 experimentally determined transmembrane regions with both the N- and C-termini localized to the periplasm. The two Escherichia coli proteins, DcuA and DcuB, transport aspartate, malate, fumarate and succinate, and function as antiporters with any two of these substrates. Since DcuA is encoded in an operon with the gene for aspartase, and DcuB is encoded in an operon with the gene for fumarase, their physiological functions may be to catalyze aspartate:fumarate and fumarate:malate exchange during the anaerobic utilization of aspartate and fumarate, respectively.
This family includes two characterized citrate/proton symporters from Bacillus subtilis. CitM transports citrate complexed to Mg2+, while the CitH apparently transports citrate without Mg2+. The family also includes uncharacterized transporters, including a third paralog in Bacillus subtilis.
>TIGR00784 citMHS citrate transporter, CitMHS family
This family includes two characterized citrate/proton symporters from Bacillus subtilis. CitM transports citrate complexed to Mg2+, while the CitH apparently transports citrate without Mg2+. The family also includes uncharacterized transporters, including a third paralog in Bacillus subtilis.
These proteins are members of the NhaB Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaB) Family (TC 2.A.34). The only characterised member of this family is the Escherichia coli NhaB protein, which has 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions, and catalyses sodium/proton exchange. Unlike NhaA this activity is not pH dependent.
These permeases have been shown to translocate sodium, arsenate, antimonite, sulfate and organic anions across biological membranes in all three kingdoms of life. A typical anion permease contains 8-13 transmembrane helices and can function either independently as a chemiosmotic transporter or as a channel-forming subunit of an ATP-driven anion pump.
These proteins are members of the NhaD Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaD) Family (TC 2.A.62). A single member of the NhaD family has been characterized. This protein is the NhaD protein of Vibrio parahaemolyticus which has 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions. It has been shown to catalyze Na+/H+ antiport, but Li+ can also be a substrate.
>PF07158 MatC_N: Dicarboxylate carrier protein MatC N-terminus; InterPro: IPR009827 This entry represents the N-terminal region of the bacterial dicarboxylate carrier protein MatC
catalyzing fumarate-succinate exchange and fumarate uptake.
>PF03606 DcuC: C4-dicarboxylate anaerobic carrier; InterPro: IPR018385 Escherichia coli contains four different secondary carriers (DcuA, DcuB, DcuC, and DctA) for C4-dicarboxylates [, , , ] DcuA is used for aerobic growth on C4-dicarboxylates [, ], whereas the Dcu carriers (encoded by the dcuA, dcuB, and dcuC genes) are used under anaerobic conditions and form a distinct family of carriers [, , , , , ]
Each of the Dcu carriers is able to catalyze the uptake, antiport, and possibly also efflux of C4-dicarboxylates. DcuB is the major C4-dicarboxylate carrier for fumarate respiration with high fumarate-succinate exchange activity. It is synthesized only in the absence of oxygen and nitrate and in the presence of C4-dicarboxylates [, , , ]. DcuA is expressed constitutively in aerobic and anaerobic growth and can substitute for DcuB [, ]. These proteins are members of the C4-dicarboxylate Uptake C (DcuC) family. DcuC has 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions, is induced only under anaerobic conditions, and is not repressed by glucose. DcuC may therefore function as a succinate efflux system during anaerobic glucose fermentation. However, when overexpressed, it can replace either DcuA or DcuB in catalyzing fumarate-succinate exchange and fumarate uptake [, ]. DcuC shows the same transport modes as DcuA and DcuB (exchange, uptake, and presumably efflux of C4-dicarboxylates) [].; GO: 0016021 integral to membrane
>PF03553 Na_H_antiporter: Na+/H+ antiporter family; InterPro: IPR018461 A single member of the NhaC family, a protein from Bacillus firmus, has been functionally characterised
It is involved in pH homeostasis and sodium extrusion. Members of the NhaC family are found in both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria.; GO: 0015385 sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity, 0006814 sodium ion transport, 0006885 regulation of pH, 0016021 integral to membrane
>PF06450 NhaB: Bacterial Na+/H+ antiporter B (NhaB); InterPro: IPR004671 The Escherichia coli NhaB Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaB) protein has 12 predicted TMS, and catalyses sodium/proton exchange
Unlike NhaA, IPR004670 from INTERPRO, this activity is not pH dependent.; GO: 0015385 sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity, 0006814 sodium ion transport, 0016021 integral to membrane
>PF03606 DcuC: C4-dicarboxylate anaerobic carrier; InterPro: IPR018385 Escherichia coli contains four different secondary carriers (DcuA, DcuB, DcuC, and DctA) for C4-dicarboxylates [, , , ] DcuA is used for aerobic growth on C4-dicarboxylates [, ], whereas the Dcu carriers (encoded by the dcuA, dcuB, and dcuC genes) are used under anaerobic conditions and form a distinct family of carriers [, , , , , ]
Each of the Dcu carriers is able to catalyze the uptake, antiport, and possibly also efflux of C4-dicarboxylates. DcuB is the major C4-dicarboxylate carrier for fumarate respiration with high fumarate-succinate exchange activity. It is synthesized only in the absence of oxygen and nitrate and in the presence of C4-dicarboxylates [, , , ]. DcuA is expressed constitutively in aerobic and anaerobic growth and can substitute for DcuB [, ]. These proteins are members of the C4-dicarboxylate Uptake C (DcuC) family. DcuC has 12 GES predicted transmembrane regions, is induced only under anaerobic conditions, and is not repressed by glucose. DcuC may therefore function as a succinate efflux system during anaerobic glucose fermentation. However, when overexpressed, it can replace either DcuA or DcuB in catalyzing fumarate-succinate exchange and fumarate uptake [, ]. DcuC shows the same transport modes as DcuA and DcuB (exchange, uptake, and presumably efflux of C4-dicarboxylates) [].; GO: 0016021 integral to membrane
>PF02447 GntP_permease: GntP family permease; InterPro: IPR003474 This is a family of integral membrane permeases that are involved in gluconate uptake
Escherichia coli contains several members of this family including GntU, a low affinity transporter [] and GntT, a high affinity transporter [].; GO: 0015128 gluconate transmembrane transporter activity, 0035429 gluconate transmembrane transport, 0016020 membrane
>PF02652 Lactate_perm: L-lactate permease; InterPro: IPR003804 L-lactate permease is an integral membrane protein probably involved in L-lactate transport
>PF03600 CitMHS: Citrate transporter; InterPro: IPR004680 Characterised proteins in this entry belong mostly to the divalent anion symporter family, which is found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Substrates shown to be transported by these proteins include citrate and phosphate []. This entry also contains the melanocyte-specific transporter protein P, mutation of which leads to albinism []. Another protein in this entry, SAC1, has been shown to regulate the sulphur deprivation response in Chlamydomonas by inducing cysteine biosynthesis, though its precise role in this induction is not known [].; GO: 0015137 citrate transmembrane transporter activity, 0015746 citrate transport, 0055085 transmembrane transport, 0016021 integral to membrane
