Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. Required for axonal and myotube guidance, is a necessary component of slit/robo signaling and is required in the slit target cells. Drosophila melanogaster (taxid: 7227)
Cell surface proteoglycan that may bear both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. The multiple functional domains provide potential sites for mediating the adhesive cell-matrix interactions and cytoskeletal reorganization involved in limb chondrogenesis. Interaction with other matrix ligands as well as phosphorylation and shedding of the ectodomain might be involved in cell shape changes that occur during chondrogenesis. Furthermore, shedding of the ectodomain might break the adhesive interactions that promoted condensation, thus facilitating the deposition of cartilage matrix molecules.
Implicated as a cell-surface receptor on spermatozoa for 'speract' a chemotactic peptide, and on various other cells as a receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide.
Score = 160 (61.4 bits), Expect = 8.2e-12, P = 8.2e-12
Identities = 38/79 (48%), Positives = 49/79 (62%)
Query: 25 IKGYDVYKVETIGDAYM-VNCLA-VIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEP 82
IK DVY + + + LA VI G V+G L AI +++ +VYRMRKKDEGSY L E
Sbjct: 126 IKSTDVYTEKHSDNLFKRTEVLAAVIAGGVIGFLFAIFLILLLVYRMRKKDEGSYDLGE- 184
Query: 83 KRSPASNSYMKNSNREFYA 101
R P+S +Y K +EFYA
Sbjct: 185 -RKPSSAAYQKAPTKEFYA 202
Score = 156 (60.0 bits), Expect = 2.2e-11, P = 2.2e-11
Identities = 32/56 (57%), Positives = 40/56 (71%)
Query: 46 AVIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEPKRSPASNSYMKNSNREFYA 101
AVI G V+G L AI +++ +VYRMRKKDEGSY L E R P+S +Y K +EFYA
Sbjct: 147 AVIAGGVIGFLFAIFLILLLVYRMRKKDEGSYDLGE--RKPSSAAYQKAPTKEFYA 200
GO:0008092 "cytoskeletal protein binding" evidence=IEA
Score = 156 (60.0 bits), Expect = 2.2e-11, P = 2.2e-11
Identities = 32/56 (57%), Positives = 40/56 (71%)
Query: 46 AVIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEPKRSPASNSYMKNSNREFYA 101
AVI G V+G L AI +++ +VYRMRKKDEGSY L E R P+S +Y K +EFYA
Sbjct: 128 AVIAGGVIGFLFAIFLILLLVYRMRKKDEGSYDLGE--RKPSSAAYQKAPTKEFYA 181
GO:0008092 "cytoskeletal protein binding" evidence=IEA
Score = 156 (60.0 bits), Expect = 2.2e-11, P = 2.2e-11
Identities = 32/56 (57%), Positives = 40/56 (71%)
Query: 46 AVIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEPKRSPASNSYMKNSNREFYA 101
AVI G V+G L AI +++ +VYRMRKKDEGSY L E R P+S +Y K +EFYA
Sbjct: 149 AVIAGGVIGFLFAIFLILLLVYRMRKKDEGSYDLGE--RKPSSAAYQKAPTKEFYA 202
GO:0048814 "regulation of dendrite morphogenesis" evidence=ISS
Score = 156 (60.0 bits), Expect = 2.2e-11, P = 2.2e-11
Identities = 32/56 (57%), Positives = 40/56 (71%)
Query: 46 AVIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEPKRSPASNSYMKNSNREFYA 101
AVI G V+G L AI +++ +VYRMRKKDEGSY L E R P+S +Y K +EFYA
Sbjct: 112 AVIAGGVIGFLFAIFLILLLVYRMRKKDEGSYDLGE--RKPSSAAYQKAPTKEFYA 165
GO:0008092 "cytoskeletal protein binding" evidence=IEA
Score = 156 (60.0 bits), Expect = 2.2e-11, P = 2.2e-11
Identities = 32/56 (57%), Positives = 40/56 (71%)
Query: 46 AVIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEPKRSPASNSYMKNSNREFYA 101
AVI G V+G L AI +++ +VYRMRKKDEGSY L E R P+S +Y K +EFYA
Sbjct: 119 AVIAGGVIGFLFAIFLILLLVYRMRKKDEGSYDLGE--RKPSSAAYQKAPTKEFYA 172
GO:0008092 "cytoskeletal protein binding" evidence=IEA
Score = 111 bits (279), Expect = 3e-32
Identities = 35/55 (63%), Positives = 40/55 (72%), Gaps = 3/55 (5%)
Query: 46 AVIGGAVVGLLCAILVVMFIVYRMRKKDEGSYALEEPKRSPASNSYMKN-SNREF 99
AVI G VVGLL A+ +VMF+VYRM+KKDEGSYALEEPK A+ Y K EF
Sbjct: 155 AVIAGGVVGLLFAVFLVMFLVYRMKKKDEGSYALEEPK--QANAGYQKPAKQEEF 207
Syndecans are transmembrane heparin sulfate proteoglycans which are implicated in the binding of extracellular matrix components and growth factors. Length = 207
Present in two copies in mammalian adenylyl cyclases. Eubacterial homologues are known. Two residues (Asn, Arg) are thought to be involved in catalysis. These cyclases have important roles in a diverse range of cellular processes. Length = 194
>gnl|CDD|201086 pfam00211, Guanylate_cyc, Adenylate and Guanylate cyclase catalytic domain
Catalytic domains of the mononucleotidyl cyclases (MNC's), also called cyclase homology domains (CHDs), are part of the class III nucleotidyl cyclases. This class includes eukaryotic and prokaryotic adenylate cyclases (AC's) and guanylate cyclases (GC's). They seem to share a common catalytic mechanism in their requirement for two magnesium ions to bind the polyphosphate moiety of the nucleotide. Length = 177
>gnl|CDD|143637 cd07556, Nucleotidyl_cyc_III, Class III nucleotidyl cyclases
Class III nucleotidyl cyclases are the largest, most diverse group of nucleotidyl cyclases (NC's) containing prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. They can be divided into two major groups; the mononucleotidyl cyclases (MNC's) and the diguanylate cyclases (DGC's). The MNC's, which include the adenylate cyclases (AC's) and the guanylate cyclases (GC's), have a conserved cyclase homology domain (CHD), while the DGC's have a conserved GGDEF domain, named after a conserved motif within this subgroup. Their products, cyclic guanylyl and adenylyl nucleotides, are second messengers that play important roles in eukaryotic signal transduction and prokaryotic sensory pathways. Length = 133
>PF01034 Syndecan: Syndecan domain; InterPro: IPR001050 The syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans which are involved in the organisation of cytoskeleton and/or actin microfilaments, and have important roles as cell surface receptors during cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interactions [, ]
Structurally, these proteins consist of four separate domains: A signal sequence; An extracellular domain (ectodomain) of variable length whose sequence is not evolutionary conserved in the various forms of syndecans. The ectodomain contains the sites of attachment of the heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan side chains; A transmembrane region; A highly conserved cytoplasmic domain of about 30 to 35 residues, which could interact with cytoskeletal proteins. The proteins known to belong to this family are: Syndecan 1. Syndecan 2 or fibroglycan. Syndecan 3 or neuroglycan or N-syndecan. Syndecan 4 or amphiglycan or ryudocan. Drosophila syndecan. Caenorhabditis elegans probable syndecan (F57C7.3). Syndecan-4, a transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan, is a coreceptor with integrins in cell adhesion. It has been suggested to form a ternary signalling complex with protein kinase Calpha and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Structural studies have demonstrated that the cytoplasmic domain undergoes a conformational transition and forms a symmetric dimer in the presence of phospholipid activator PIP2, and whose overall structure in solution exhibits a twisted clamp shape having a cavity in the centre of dimeric interface. In addition, it has been observed that the syndecan-4 variable domain interacts, strongly, not only with fatty acyl groups but also the anionic head group of PIP2. These findings indicate that PIP2 promotes oligomerisation of the syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain for transmembrane signalling and cell-matrix adhesion [, ].; GO: 0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding, 0016020 membrane; PDB: 1EJQ_B 1EJP_B 1YBO_C 1OBY_Q.
6.1.2 from EC) catalyse the formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) from GTP. cGMP acts as an intracellular messenger, activating cGMP-dependent kinases and regulating cGMP-sensitive ion channels. The role of cGMP as a second messenger in vascular smooth muscle relaxation and retinal photo-transduction is well established. Guanylate cyclase is found both in the soluble and particulate fractions of eukaryotic cells. The soluble and plasma membrane-bound forms differ in structure, regulation and other properties [, , , ]. Most currently known plasma membrane-bound forms are receptors for small polypeptides. The soluble forms of guanylate cyclase are cytoplasmic heterodimers having alpha and beta subunits. In all characterised eukaryote guanylyl- and adenylyl cyclases, cyclic nucleotide synthesis is carried out by the conserved class III cyclase domain. ; GO: 0016849 phosphorus-oxygen lyase activity, 0009190 cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process, 0035556 intracellular signal transduction; PDB: 3UVJ_A 1FX4_A 1WC4_B 2BW7_D 1WC1_A 1WC0_A 1WC3_A 1WC5_A 1WC6_A 3ET6_B ....
Present in two copies in mammalian adenylyl cyclases. Eubacterial homologues are known. Two residues (Asn, Arg) are thought to be involved in catalysis. These cyclases have important roles in a diverse range of cellular processes.
Catalytic domains of the mononucleotidyl cyclases (MNC's), also called cyclase homology domains (CHDs), are part of the class III nucleotidyl cyclases. This class includes eukaryotic and prokaryotic adenylate cyclases (AC's) and guanylate cyclases (GC's). They seem to share a common catalytic mechanism in their requirement for two magnesium ions to bind the polyphosphate moiety of the nucleotide.
>PF01025 GrpE: GrpE; InterPro: IPR000740 Molecular chaperones are a diverse family of proteins that function to protect proteins in the intracellular milieu from irreversible aggregation during synthesis and in times of cellular stress
The bacterial molecular chaperone DnaK is an enzyme that couples cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis, and ADP release by an N-terminal ATP-hydrolysing domain to cycles of sequestration and release of unfolded proteins by a C-terminal substrate binding domain. In prokaryotes the grpE protein. Dimeric GrpE is the co-chaperone for DnaK, and acts as a nucleotide exchange factor, stimulating the rate of ADP release 5000-fold []. DnaK is itself a weak ATPase; ATP hydrolysis by DnaK is stimulated by its interaction with another co-chaperone, DnaJ. Thus the co-chaperones DnaJ and GrpE are capable of tightly regulating the nucleotide-bound and substrate-bound state of DnaK in ways that are necessary for the normal housekeeping functions and stress-related functions of the DnaK molecular chaperone cycle. The X-ray crystal structure of GrpE in complex with the ATPase domain of DnaK revealed that GrpE is an asymmetric homodimer, bent in a manner that favours extensive contacts with only one DnaKATPase monomer []. GrpE does not actively compete for the atomic positions occupied by the nucleotide. GrpE and ADP mutually reduce one another's affinity for DnaK 200-fold, and ATP instantly dissociates GrpE from DnaK.; GO: 0000774 adenyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity, 0042803 protein homodimerization activity, 0051087 chaperone binding, 0006457 protein folding; PDB: 3A6M_A 4ANI_A 1DKG_B.
The GrpE dimer binds to the ATPase domain of Hsp70 catalyzing the dissociation of ADP, which enables rebinding of ATP, one step in the Hsp70 reaction cycle in protein folding. In eukaryotes, only the mitochondrial Hsp70, not the cytosolic form, is GrpE dependent.
